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Evaluation of a high flow rate electrostatic precipitator (ESP) as a particulate matter (PM) collector for toxicity studies.

ABSTRACT: In this study, we investigated the performance of an electrostatic precipitator (ESP) operating at high flow rates (i.e., 50-100 lpm) as a fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) collector for toxicological studies. The ESP optimum configuration (i.e., flow rate of 75 lpm and applied voltage of +12 kV) was determined based on maximum particle collection efficiencies and minimum ozone emissions associated with the instrument using different laboratory-generated aerosols. This configuration resulted in particle collection efficiencies above 80% for almost all particles in the size range of 0.015-2.5 μm while the ozone concentration was 17 ppb. The ESP was then deployed to our sampling site in central Los Angeles to evaluate its performance using ambient particles under the optimum configuration. Chemical composition and oxidative potential of PM_2.5 samples collected on the foils placed inside the ESP tube were compared with those collected concurrently on filters and aerosol slurries using the versatile aerosol concentration enrichment system (VACES) operating in parallel. Our results demonstrated that the ESP was more efficient in preserving labile inorganic ions and total organic carbon (TOC) compared to filters. PM samples collected on ESP substrates also showed higher intrinsic oxidative potential compared to the filters, which might be the result of better preservation of redox active semi-volatile organic compounds on the ESP substrates. However, the TOC concentrations and intrinsic oxidative potential of PM samples collected on ESP substrates were somewhat lower than the aerosol slurries collected by the VACES, probably due to deficiency of water-insoluble compounds in extracted PM samples from ESP substrates. In conclusion, while particle collection for toxicological purposes by the ESP is somewhat inferior to a direct aerosol-into-liquid collection, the ESP performs equally well, if not better, than conventional filter samplers and can be utilized as a simple and adequately efficient PM collector for toxicological studies.

SUBMITTER: Pirhadi M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7442709 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundAmbient particulate matter (PM) exposure is associated with respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. To what extent such effects are different for PM obtained from different sources or locations is still unclear. This study investigated the in vitro toxicity of ambient PM collected at different sites in the Netherlands in relation to PM composition and oxidative potential.MethodPM was sampled at eight sites: three traffic sites, an underground train station, as well as a harbor, farm, steelworks, and urban background location. Coarse (2.5-10 ?m), fine (< 2.5 ?m) and quasi ultrafine PM (qUF; < 0.18 ?m) were sampled at each site. Murine macrophages (RAW 264.7 cells) were exposed to increasing concentrations of PM from these sites (6.25-12.5-25-50-100 ?g/ml; corresponding to 3.68-58.8 ?g/cm2). Following overnight incubation, MTT-reduction activity (a measure of metabolic activity) and the release of pro-inflammatory markers (Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, TNF-?; Interleukin-6, IL-6; Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-2, MIP-2) were measured. The oxidative potential and the endotoxin content of each PM sample were determined in a DTT- and LAL-assay respectively. Multiple linear regression was used to assess the relationship between the cellular responses and PM characteristics: concentration, site, size fraction, oxidative potential and endotoxin content.ResultsMost PM samples induced a concentration-dependent decrease in MTT-reduction activity and an increase in pro-inflammatory markers with the exception of the urban background and stop & go traffic samples. Fine and qUF samples of traffic locations, characterized by a high concentration of elemental and organic carbon, induced the highest pro-inflammatory activity. The pro-inflammatory response to coarse samples was associated with the endotoxin level, which was found to increase dramatically during a three-day sample concentration procedure in the laboratory. The underground samples, characterized by a high content of transition metals, showed the largest decrease in MTT-reduction activity. PM size fraction was not related to MTT-reduction activity, whereas there was a statistically significant difference in pro-inflammatory activity between Fine and qUF PM. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant negative association between PM oxidative potential and MTT-reduction activity.ConclusionThe response of RAW264.7 cells to ambient PM was markedly different using samples collected at various sites in the Netherlands that differed in their local PM emission sources. Our results are in support of other investigations showing that the chemical composition as well as oxidative potential are determinants of PM induced toxicity in vitro.

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Evaluation of a high flow rate electrostatic precipitator (ESP) as a particulate matter (PM) collector for toxicity studies.

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