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Efficacy and safety of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) to prevent recurrent hepatic cyst infections in polycystic liver disease: a retrospective case series.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Hepatic cyst infection is a complication of polycystic liver disease (PLD) that causes substantial morbidity. Repetitive infection is frequent and is increasingly difficult to treat. As translocated gut bacteria are considered the cause, we hypothesize that selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) reduces recurrence of hepatic cyst infection. METHODS:We performed a retrospective, observational study in two referral centres. All patients with PLD treated with SDD for hepatic cyst infection were included. Efficacy was determined by calculating the infection incidence (hepatic cyst infections per month) before and during SDD therapy. Adverse events were scored according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE). RESULTS:We identified eight patients who received SDD (88% female, 88% polycystic kidney disease). The median age was 65?years (IQR: 51-74?years). SDD lowered the median incidence from 0.09 episodes per month (IQR: 0.06-0.25 episodes per month) to 0.01 episodes per month (IQR: 0.00-0.05 episodes per month) (P?=?0.12). Discontinuation of SDD led to rapid recurrence of cyst infection (71% within 6?weeks). SDD consisted of polymyxins with/without aminoglycosides. The median SDD treatment duration was 20?months (range: 3-89?months). Six patients (75%) developed adverse events [CTCAE Grade 1 (gastrointestinal: n?=?3) or Grade 3 (ototoxicity: n?=?1; fungal infection: n?=?1)], mostly attributable to aminoglycosides; one patient developed polymyxin E resistance. CONCLUSIONS:SDD prophylaxis provides a novel strategy for limiting recurrent hepatic cyst infection in PLD patients. However, adverse events are frequent and curtail its use. As most were attributable to aminoglycosides, polymyxin E is considered the preferred therapy.

SUBMITTER: Bernts LHP

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7443730 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Efficacy and safety of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) to prevent recurrent hepatic cyst infections in polycystic liver disease: a retrospective case series.

Bernts Lucas H P LHP Dekker Shosha E I SEI Soonawala Darius D Brüggemann Roger J M RJM Wertheim Heiman F L HFL de Fijter Johan W JW Drenth Joost P H JPH Lantinga Marten A MA

The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 20200901 9

<h4>Background</h4>Hepatic cyst infection is a complication of polycystic liver disease (PLD) that causes substantial morbidity. Repetitive infection is frequent and is increasingly difficult to treat. As translocated gut bacteria are considered the cause, we hypothesize that selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) reduces recurrence of hepatic cyst infection.<h4>Methods</h4>We performed a retrospective, observational study in two referral centres. All patients with PLD treated wi ...[more]

PMID: 32437580

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Project description:BackgroundSelective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) and selective oropharyngeal decontamination (SOD) reduce colonization with antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (ARGNB), incidence of nosocomial infections and improve survival in ICU patients. The effect on bacterial gut colonization might be caused by growth suppression by antibiotics during SDD/SOD. We investigated intestinal colonization with ARGNB after discharge from ICU and discontinuation of SDD or SOD.MethodsWe performed a prospective, observational follow-up study in regular hospital wards of three teaching hospitals in the Netherlands in patients discharged from the ICU, who were participating in a cluster randomized trial comparing SDD with SOD. We determined rectal carriage with ARGNB at ICU discharge (time (T) = 0) and 3, 6 and 10 days after discharge. The primary endpoint was time to first colonization with ARGNB that was not present at T = 0. Bacteria that are intrinsically resistant to antibiotics were not included in the primary analysis, but were included in post-hoc analysis.ResultsOf 1370 patients screened for inclusion, 996 patients had samples at T = 0 (507 after SDD and 489 after SOD). At ICU discharge, the prevalence of intestinal carriage with any ARGNB was 22/507 (4.3%) after SDD and 87/489 (17.8%) after SOD (p < 0.0001): 426 (SDD) and 409 (SOD) patients had at least one follow-up sample for analysis. The hazard rate for acquiring carriage of ARGNB after discontinuation of SDD, compared to SOD, in the ICU was 0.61 (95% CI 0.40-0.91, p = 0.02), and cumulative risks of acquisition of at least one ARGNB until day 10 were 13% (SDD) and 18% (SOD). At day 10 after ICU discharge, the prevalence of intestinal carriage with ARGNB was 11.3% (26/230 patients) after SDD and 12.5% (28/224 patients) after SOD (p = 0.7). In post-hoc analysis of all ARGNB, including intrinsically resistant bacteria, colonization at ICU discharge was lower after SDD (4.9 vs. 22.3%, p < 0.0001), but acquisition rates after ICU discharge were similar in both groups.ConclusionsIntestinal carriage at ICU discharge and the acquisition rate of ARGNB after ICU discharge are lower after SDD than after SOD. The prevalence of intestinal carriage with ARGNB at 10 days after ICU discharge was comparable in both groups, suggesting rapid clearance of ARGNB from the gut after ICU discharge.Trial registrationNetherlands Trial Registry, NTR3311 . Registered on 28 february 2012.

Project description:BackgroundThe long-term ecological effects on the emergence of antimicrobial resistance at the ICU level during selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) are unknown. We determined the incidence of newly acquired antimicrobial resistance of aerobic gram-negative potentially pathogenic bacteria (AGNB) during SDD.MethodsIn a single-centre observational cohort study over a 21-year period, all consecutive patients, treated with or without SDD, admitted to the ICU were included. The antibiotic regime was unchanged over the study period. Incidence rates for ICU-acquired AGNB's resistance for third-generation cephalosporins, colistin/polymyxin B, tobramycin/gentamicin or ciprofloxacin were calculated per year. Changes over time were tested by negative binomial regression in a generalized linear model.ResultsEighty-six percent of 14,015 patients were treated with SDD. Most cultures were taken from the digestive tract (41.9%) and sputum (21.1%). A total of 20,593 isolates of AGNB were identified. The two most often found bacteria were Escherichia coli (N = 6409) and Pseudomonas (N = 5269). The incidence rate per 1000 patient-day for ICU-acquired resistance to cephalosporins was 2.03, for polymyxin B/colistin 0.51, for tobramycin 2.59 and for ciprofloxacin 2.2. The incidence rates for ICU-acquired resistant microbes per year ranged from 0 to 4.94 per 1000 patient-days, and no significant time-trend in incidence rates were found for any of the antimicrobials. The background prevalence rates of resistant strains measured on admission for cephalosporins, polymyxin B/colistin and ciprofloxacin rose over time with 7.9%, 3.5% and 8.0% respectively.ConclusionsDuring more than 21-year SDD, the incidence rates of resistant microbes at the ICU level did not significantly increase over time but the background resistance rates increased. An overall ecological effect of prolonged application of SDD by counting resistant microorganisms in the ICU was not shown in a country with relatively low rates of resistant microorganisms.

Project description:IntroductionUse of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) and selective oropharyngeal decontamination (SOD) in intensive care patients has been controversial for years. Through regular questionnaires we determined expectations concerning SDD (effectiveness) and experience with SDD and SOD (workload and patient friendliness), as perceived by nurses and physicians.MethodsA survey was embedded in a group-randomized, controlled, cross-over multicenter study in the Netherlands in which, during three 6-month periods, SDD, SOD or standard care was used in random order. At the end of each study period, all nurses and physicians from participating intensive care units received study questionnaires.ResultsIn all, 1024 (71%) of 1450 questionnaires were returned by nurses and 253 (82%) of 307 by physicians. Expectations that SDD improved patient outcome increased from 71% and 77% of respondents after the first two study periods to 82% at the end of the study (P = 0.004), with comparable trends among nurses and physicians. Nurses considered SDD to impose a higher workload (median 5.0, on a scale from 1 (low) to 10 (high)) than SOD (median 4.0) and standard care (median 2.0). Both SDD and SOD were considered less patient friendly than standard care (medians 4.0, 4.0 and 6.0, respectively). According to physicians, SDD had a higher workload (median 5.5) than SOD (median 5.0), which in turn was higher than standard care (median 2.5). Furthermore, physicians graded patient friendliness of standard care (median 8.0) higher than that of SDD and SOD (both median 6.0).ConclusionsAlthough perceived effectiveness of SDD increased as the trial proceeded, both among physicians and nurses, SOD and SDD were, as compared to standard care, considered to increase workload and to reduce patient friendliness. Therefore, education about the importance of oral care and on the effects of SDD and SOD on patient outcomes will be important when implementing these strategies.Trial registrationISRCTN35176830.

Project description:Enterococci have emerged as important opportunistic pathogens in intensive care units (ICUs). In this study, enterococcal population size and Enterococcus isolates colonizing the intestinal tract of ICU patients receiving Selective Digestive Decontamination (SDD) were investigated. All nine patients included in the study showed substantial shifts in the enterococcal 16S rRNA gene copy number in the gut microbiota during the hospitalization period. Furthermore, 41 Enterococcus spp. strains were isolated and characterized from these patients at different time points during and after ICU hospitalization, including E. faecalis (n = 13), E. faecium (n = 23), and five isolates that could not unequivocally assigned to a specific species (E. sp. n = 5) Multi locus sequence typing revealed a high prevalence of ST 6 in E. faecalis isolates (46%) and ST 117 in E. faecium (52%). Furthermore, antibiotic resistance phenotypes, including macrolide and vancomycin resistance, as well as virulence factor-encoding genes [asa1, esp-fm, esp-fs, hyl, and cyl (B)] were investigated in all isolates. Resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline was observed in 25 (61%) and 19 (46%) isolates, respectively. Furthermore, 30 out of 41 isolates harbored the erm (B) gene, mainly present in E. faecium isolates (78%). The most prevalent virulence genes were asa1 in E. faecalis (54%) and esp (esp-fm, 74%; esp-fs, 39%). Six out of nine patients developed nosocomial enterococcal infections, however, corresponding clinical isolates were unfortunately not available for further analysis. Our results show that multiple Enterococcus species, carrying several antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, occurred simultaneously in patients receiving SDD therapy, with varying prevalence dynamics over time. Furthermore, simultaneous presence and/or replacement of E. faecium STs was observed-, reinforcing the importance of screening multiple isolates to comprehensively characterize enterococcal diversity in ICU patients.

Dataset Information

Efficacy and safety of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) to prevent recurrent hepatic cyst infections in polycystic liver disease: a retrospective case series.

Publications

Efficacy and safety of selective decontamination of the digestive tract (SDD) to prevent recurrent hepatic cyst infections in polycystic liver disease: a retrospective case series.

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