The Functional Roles of IL-33/ST2 Axis in Ocular Diseases.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Qian Y
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7450335 | biostudies-literature | 2020
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Publications
The Functional Roles of IL-33/ST2 Axis in Ocular Diseases.
Mediators of inflammation 20200818
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), an important member of the IL-1 family, plays a pivotal role in regulating immune responses via combining with its receptor suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2). We have already known IL-33/ST2 axis participates in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including liver diseases, renal diseases, and neurological diseases. Recently, emerging studies are indicating that IL-33/ST2 is also involved in a wide range of ocular diseases, such as allergic eye disease, keratitis and ...[more]
Similar Datasets
Project description:Il1rl1 (also known as ST2) is a member of the IL-1 superfamily, and its only known ligand is IL-33. ST2 exists in two forms as splice variants: a soluble form (sST2), which acts as a decoy receptor, sequesters free IL-33, and does not signal, and a membrane-bound form (ST2), which activates the MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway to enhance mast cell, Th2, regulatory T cell (Treg), and innate lymphoid cell type 2 functions. sST2 levels are increased in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease, acute cardiac and small bowel transplant allograft rejection, colon and gastric cancers, gut mucosal damage during viral infection, pulmonary disease, heart disease, and graft-versus-host disease. Recently, sST2 has been shown to be secreted by intestinal pro-inflammatory T cells during gut inflammation; on the contrary, protective ST2-expressing Tregs are decreased, implicating that ST2/IL-33 signaling may play an important role in intestinal disease. This review will focus on what is known on its signaling during various inflammatory disease states and highlight potential avenues to intervene in ST2/IL-33 signaling as treatment options.
| S-EPMC5402045 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is highly expressed in barrier sites, acting via the suppression of tumorigenicity 2 receptor (ST2). IL-33/ST2 axis has long been known to play a pivotal role in immunity and cell homeostasis by promoting wound healing and tissue repair. However, it is also involved in the loss of balance between extensive inflammation and tissue regeneration lead to remodeling, the hallmark of fibrosis. The aim of the current review is to critically evaluate the available evidence regarding the role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in organ fibrosis. The role of the axis in tissue remodeling is better understood considering its crucial role reported in organ development and regeneration. Generally, the IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway has mainly anti-inflammatory/anti-proliferative effects; however, chronic tissue injury is responsible for pro-fibrogenetic responses. Regarding pulmonary fibrosis mature IL-33 enhances pro-fibrogenic type 2 cytokine production in an ST2- and macrophage-dependent manner, while full-length IL-33 is also implicated in the pulmonary fibrotic process in an ST2-independent, Th2-independent fashion. In liver fibrosis, evidence indicate that when acute and massive liver damage occurs, the release of IL-33 might act as an activator of tissue-protective mechanisms, while in cases of chronic injury IL-33 plays the role of a hepatic fibrotic factor. IL-33 signaling has also been involved in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Moreover, IL-33 could be used as an early marker for ulcer-associated activated fibroblasts and myofibroblast trans-differentiation; thus one cannot rule out its potential role in inflammatory bowel disease-associated fibrosis. Similarly, the upregulation of the IL-33/ST2 axismay contribute to tubular cell injury and fibrosis via epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of various cell types in the kidneys. Of note, IL-33 exerts a cardioprotective role via ST2 signaling, while soluble ST2 has been demonstrated as a marker of myocardial fibrosis. Finally, IL-33 is a crucial cytokine in skin pathology responsible for abnormal fibroblast proliferation, leukocyte infiltration and morphologic differentiation of human endothelial cells. Overall, emerging data support a novel contribution of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in tissue fibrosis and highlight the significant role of the Th2 pattern of immune response in the pathophysiology of organ fibrosis.
| S-EPMC6207585 | biostudies-other
Project description:Mast cells (MC) are potent innate immune cells that accumulate in chronically inflamed tissues. MC express the IL-33 receptor IL-1 receptor-related protein ST2 at high level, and this IL-1 family cytokine both activates MC directly and primes them to respond to other proinflammatory signals. Whether IL-33 and ST2 play a role in MC survival remains to be defined. In skin-derived human MC, we found that IL-33 attenuated MC apoptosis without altering proliferation, an effect mediated principally through the antiapoptotic molecule B-cell lymphoma-X large (BCLXL). Murine MC demonstrated a similar mechanism, dependent entirely on ST2. In line with these observations, St2(-/-) mice exhibited reduced numbers of tissue MC in inflamed arthritic joints, in helminth-infected intestine, and in normal peritoneum. To confirm an MC-intrinsic role for ST2 in vivo, we performed peritoneal transfer of WT and St2(-/-) MC. In St2(-/-) hosts treated with IL-33 and in WT hosts subjected to thioglycollate peritonitis, WT MC displayed a clear survival advantage over coengrafted St2(-/-) MC. IL-33 blockade specifically attenuated this survival advantage, confirming IL-33 as the relevant ST2 ligand mediating MC survival in vivo. Together, these data reveal a cell-intrinsic role for the IL-33/ST2 axis in the regulation of apoptosis in MC, identifying thereby a previously unappreciated pathway supporting expansion of the MC population with inflammation.
| S-EPMC4104908 | biostudies-other
Project description:ObjectiveThe IL-33/ST2 axis has been extensively investigated in type 2 eosinophilic inflammation. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of the IL-33/ST2 axis in neutrophil-dominant allergic airway inflammation.MethodsHouse-dust mite (HDM) extract and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were administered to establish a murine model of neutrophil-dominant allergic airway inflammation. The formation of neutrophilic extracellular traps (NETs) in the lung tissues was demonstrated by immunofluorescence imaging. Mature IL-33 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was detected by Western blotting. The neutrophilic chemokine KC produced by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) or primary alveolar epithelial cells was measured with a commercial ELISA kit.ResultsIn the present study, we observed neutrophilic inflammation and tight junction damage in the lungs of mice sensitised with HDM and LPS. Furthermore, sensitisation with HDM and LPS resulted in the formation of NETs, accompanied by increased levels of mature IL-33 in the BALF. Moreover, LPS damaged the epithelial tight junction protein occludin directly or indirectly by inducing NET formation. Surprisingly, IL-33 deficiency augmented neutrophilia and epithelial barrier injury in the lungs of mice after sensitisation with HDM and LPS. Similarly, the absence of ST2 exacerbated the neutrophilic inflammatory response, decreased the expression of occludin and exacerbated the severity of neutrophil-dominant allergic airway inflammation in an HDM/LPS-induced mouse model. Mechanistically, BMDMs and alveolar epithelial cells from IL-33- or ST2-deficient mice tended to produce higher levels of the neutrophilic chemokine KC.ConclusionsThese results demonstrated that the IL-33/ST2 axis may play a protective role in neutrophil-dominant allergic airway inflammation.
| S-EPMC8207976 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Tenascin-C (TNC), a very large multimeric glycoprotein, is overexpressed in human glioblastomas, leading to a highly motile and invasive phenotype of glioma cells. However, the regulation of TNC expression in glioma has remained unclear until now. Our data suggest that interleukin-33 (IL-33) may promote the accumulation of TNC protein by autocrine or paracrine modes of action in glioma. In the present study, the expression levels of TNC, IL-33, and ST2 were measured in glioma tissue specimens, and the impact of altered IL-33 expression on TNC was investigated in vitro and in vivo. In contrast with control treatment, IL-33 treatment increased TNC expression, and knockdown of IL-33 attenuated TNC expression in glioma cells. Furthermore, IL-33 induced the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and increased the expression of TNC in U251 cells. In addition, blockage of the IL-33-ST2-NFκB pathway resulted in downregulation of TNC production. IL-33 promoted glioma cell invasion by stimulating the secretion of TNC. Similarly, knockdown of TNC inhibited the invasiveness of glioma cells. These findings provide a novel perspective on the role of the IL-33/NF-κB/TNC signalling pathway in supporting cancer progression. Thus, targeting the IL-33/NF-κB/TNC signalling pathway may be a useful therapeutic approach in glioma.
| S-EPMC6937274 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The polarization and function of macrophages play essential roles in controlling immune responses. Interleukin (IL)-33 is a member of the IL-1 family that has been shown to influence macrophage activation and polarization, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Mitochondrial metabolism has been reported to be a central player in shaping macrophage polarization; previous studies have shown that both aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation uniquely regulate the functions of M1 and M2 macrophages. Whether IL-33 polarizes macrophages by reshaping mitochondrial metabolism requires further investigation. In this work, we examined the mitochondrial metabolism of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) from either wild type (WT), Il33-overexpressing, or IL-33 receptor knockout (St2 -/-) mice challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We found that after LPS stimulation, compared with WT BMDMs, St2 -/- BMDMs had reduced cytokine production and increased numbers and activity of mitochondria via the metabolism regulator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-C coactivator-1 ? (PGC1?). This was demonstrated by increased mitochondrial DNA copy number, mitochondria counts, mitochondria fission- and fusion-related gene expression, oxygen consumption rates, and ATP production, and decreased glucose uptake, lactate production, and extracellular acidification rates. For Il33-overexpressing BMDMs, the metabolic reprogramming upon LPS stimulation was similar to WT BMDMs, and was accompanied by increased M1 macrophage activity. Our findings suggested that the pleiotropic IL-33/ST2 pathway may influence the polarization and function of macrophages by regulating mitochondrial metabolism.
| S-EPMC6367255 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The monolayered intrarenal urothelium covers the renal papilla and ureteropelvic junction (UPJ). In response to increased renal pressure during obstruction or ischemic injuries, intrarenal urothelial cells begin to proliferate and form a multilayered urothelium. Little is known regarding the mechanism and pathophysiological role of urothelium hyperplasia during renal obstruction. In this study, we investigated the expression of interleukin (IL)-33, an IL-1 family cytokine, in kidneys with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced obstructive injury. IL-33 levels in hydronephrotic urine and serum were upregulated 2 days after UUO. The number of ST2-expressing immune cells was increased in the UUO kidney. We found that IL-33 was upregulated in vimentin-positive cells in the cortical and medullar layers and the UPJ stroma. Moreover, IL-33 expression was predominantly induced in multilayered keratin 5-positive urothelial cells in the UPJ. IL-33 was not detected in terminally differentiated superficial umbrella cells expressing uroplakin 3a. In vivo, we confirmed that deficiency of IL33 or its receptor ST2 attenuated UUO-induced hyperplasia of the UPJ urothelium. Deficiency of IL33 attenuated the expression of UUO-induced type 2 inflammatory cytokines and upregulated uroplakins and urothelial differentiation signaling in UPJ tissues. Our results collectively suggest that the IL-33/ST2 axis mediates the activation of innate immune responses and contributes to urothelial hyperplasia by regulating urothelial differentiation in obstructive kidney injury.
| S-EPMC5938009 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Interleukin (IL)-33 binding to the receptor suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) produces pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Increased levels of soluble ST2 (sST2) are a biomarker for steroid-refractory graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and mortality. However, whether sST2 has a role as an immune modulator or only as a biomarker during GVHD was unclear. We show increased IL-33 production by nonhematopoietic cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract in mice post-conditioning and patients during GVHD. Exogenous IL-33 administration during the peak inflammatory response worsened GVHD. Conversely, GVHD lethality and tumor necrosis factor-α production was significantly reduced in il33(-/-) recipients. ST2 was upregulated on murine and human alloreactive T cells and sST2 increased as experimental GVHD progressed. Concordantly, st2(-/-) vs wild-type (WT) donor T cells had a marked reduction in GVHD lethality and GI histopathology. Alloantigen-induced IL-18 receptor upregulation was lower in st2(-/-) T cells, and linked to reduced interferon-γ production by st2(-/-) vs WT T cells during GVHD. Blockade of IL-33/ST2 interactions during allogeneic-hematopoietic cell transplantation by exogenous ST2-Fc infusions had a marked reduction in GVHD lethality, indicating a role of ST2 as a decoy receptor modulating GVHD. Together, these studies point to the IL-33/ST2 axis as a novel and potent target for GVHD therapy.
| S-EPMC4432012 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Several allergic and immunologic diseases including asthma, food allergy (FA), chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), atopic dermatitis (AD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and Behçet's disease (BD) are characterized by the involvement of Th2 immunity. Several mediators lead to immunoglobulin (Ig)E production, thus including key cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Among them, IL-31 and IL-33 have been recently studied as novel biomarkers and future therapeutic targets for allergic and immunological disorders. IL-31 is a proinflammatory cytokine-it regulates cell proliferation and is involved in tissue remodeling. IL-33, acting through its receptor suppression of tumorigenity (ST2L), is an alarmin cytokine from the IL-1 family, whose expression is mediated by tissue damage. The latter has a pleiotropic effect, as it may modulate specific and innate immune cells functions. To date, several researchers have investigated the involvement of IL-31 and IL-33 in several allergic and immune-mediated diseases. Further studies are needed to understand the future applications of these molecules as novel therapeutic agents. This paper aims to give the readers a complete and updated review of IL-31 and IL-33 involvement among the most common autoimmune and allergic disorders.
| S-EPMC6929191 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Parasitic infections pose a wide and varying threat globally, impacting over 25% of the global population with many more at risk of infection. These infections are comprised of, but not limited to, toxoplasmosis, malaria, leishmaniasis and any one of a wide variety of helminthic infections. While a great deal is understood about the adaptive immune response to each of these parasites, there remains a need to further elucidate the early innate immune response. Interleukin-33 is being revealed as one of the earliest players in the cytokine milieu responding to parasitic invasion, and as such has been given the name "alarmin." A nuclear cytokine, interleukin-33 is housed primarily within epithelial and fibroblastic tissues and is released upon cellular damage or death. Evidence has shown that interleukin-33 seems to play a crucial role in priming the immune system toward a strong T helper type 2 immune response, necessary in the clearance of some parasites, while disease exacerbating in the context of others. With the possibility of being a double-edged sword, a great deal remains to be seen in how interleukin-33 and its receptor ST2 are involved in the immune response different parasites elicit, and how those parasites may manipulate or evade this host mechanism. In this review article we compile the current cutting-edge research into the interleukin-33 response to toxoplasmosis, malaria, leishmania, and helminthic infection. Furthermore, we provide insight into directions interleukin-33 research may take in the future, potential immunotherapeutic applications of interleukin-33 modulation and how a better clarity of early innate immune system responses involving interleukin-33/ST2 signaling may be applied in development of much needed treatment options against parasitic invaders.
| S-EPMC7180392 | biostudies-literature