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Understanding COVID-19: From Origin to Potential Therapeutics.

ABSTRACT: Currently, a global pandemic era of public health concerns is going on with the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first case of COVID-19 was reported from Wuhan's Huanan seafood market in China late December 2019. Bats, pangolins, and snakes have been nominated as salient carriers of the virus. Thanks to its high pathogenicity, it can cause severe respiratory infections. Fever, dry cough, sore throat, pneumonia, septic shock, and ground-glass opacities are the foremost clinical manifestations of COVID-19. Immunocompromised patients are at high risk for COVID-19 infection and may lead to death. Scientist and government agencies around the globe are putting forward their best efforts and resources for the effective treatment of human coronavirus infections; however, neither vaccines nor antiviral drugs are available for the treatment of human coronaviruses (HCoV) infections such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), MERS (Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome), and COVID-19. Since the outbreak, a plethora of research and review articles have been published. Moreover, the mass media has bombarded the public with conflicting opinions about the pandemic. There is a dire need for accurate and reliable information concerning this pandemic. In this review, we have compiled the up to date information about the origins, evolution, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of this disease. Moreover, very few reports have addressed the clinical features and current status of treatment for COVID-19; we have adequately addressed these topics in detail in this review. Finally, a detailed account of clinical trials of vaccines and other therapeutics currently in progress has been delineated.

SUBMITTER: Moazzam M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7460442 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Understanding COVID-19: From Origin to Potential Therapeutics.

Moazzam Muhammad M Sajid Muhammad Imran MI Shahid Hamza H Butt Jahanzaib J Bashir Irfan I Jamshaid Muhammad M Shirazi Amir Nasrolahi AN Tiwari Rakesh Kumar RK

International journal of environmental research and public health 20200814 16

Currently, a global pandemic era of public health concerns is going on with the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first case of COVID-19 was reported from Wuhan's Huanan seafood market in China late December 2019. Bats, pangolins, and snakes have been nominated as salient carriers of the virus. Thanks to its high pathogenicity, it can cause severe respiratory infections. Fever, dry cough, sore throat, pneumon ...[more]

PMID: 32823901

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Project description:BackgroundWhile Molnupiravir and Paxlovid have recently been approved for use in some countries, there are no widely available treatments for COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Herbal extracts have been used to treat respiratory clinical indications by Ayurvedic medicine practitioners with minimal adverse reactions and intense research efforts are currently under way to develop some of these formulations for COVID-19 treatment.MethodsLiterature search for in silico, in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on the topic of Ayurvedic formulations for potential COVID-19 treatment, in order to present the current state of current knowledge by integrating information across all systems.ResultsThe search yielded 20 peer reviewed articles on in silico studies examining the interaction of phytoconstituents of popular Ayurvedic formulations with SARS-CoV-2 components and its receptors; five articles on preclinical investigations of the ability of selected Ayurvedic formulations to inhibit functions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins; and 51 completed clinical trials on the efficacy of using Ayurvedic formulations for treatment of mild to moderate COVID-19. Clinical data was available from 17 of the 51 trials. There was a considerable overlap between formulations used in the in silico studies and the clinical trials. This finding was unexpected as there is no clearly stated alignment between studies and the traditional pathway to drug discovery- basic discovery leading to in vitro and in vivo proof of concept, followed by validation in clinical trials. This was further demonstrated in the majority of the in silico studies where focus was on potential antiviral mechanisms, while the clinical trials were focused on patient recovery using oral treatments. In all 17 clinical trials where data was available, Ayurvedic treatments lead to a shorter period to recovery in participants with COVID-19.ConclusionThe most commonly used Ayurvedic treatments for management of respiratory symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection appear to have prophylactic and/or therapeutic properties. It would be of particular interest to assess synergistic and concomitant systemic effects and antiviral activities of individual phytoconstituents and their combinations in the Ayurvedic treatments.

Project description:COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has been disrupting our lives for more than two years now. SARS-CoV-2 interacts with human proteins to pave its way into the human body, thereby wreaking havoc. Moreover, the mutating variants of the virus that take place in the SARS-CoV-2 genome are also a cause of concern among the masses. Thus, it is very important to understand human-spike protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in order to predict new PPIs and consequently propose drugs for the human proteins in order to fight the virus and its different mutated variants, with the mutations occurring in the spike protein. This fact motivated us to develop a complete pipeline where PPIs and drug-protein interactions can be predicted for human-SARS-CoV-2 interactions. In this regard, initially interacting data sets are collected from the literature, and noninteracting data sets are subsequently created for human-SARS-CoV-2 by considering only spike glycoprotein. On the other hand, for drug-protein interactions both interacting and noninteracting data sets are considered from DrugBank and ChEMBL databases. Thereafter, a model based on a sequence-based feature is used to code the protein sequences of human and spike proteins using the well-known Moran autocorrelation technique, while the drugs are coded using another well-known technique, viz., PaDEL descriptors, to predict new human-spike PPIs and eventually new drug-protein interactions for the top 20 predicted human proteins interacting with the original spike protein and its different mutated variants like Alpha, Beta, Delta, Gamma, and Omicron. Such predictions are carried out by random forest as it is found to perform better than other predictors, providing an accuracy of 90.53% for human-spike PPI and 96.15% for drug-protein interactions. Finally, 40 unique drugs like eicosapentaenoic acid, doxercalciferol, ciclesonide, dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, etc. are identified that target 32 human proteins like ACACA, DST, DYNC1H1, etc.

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Understanding COVID-19: From Origin to Potential Therapeutics.

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Understanding COVID-19: From Origin to Potential Therapeutics.

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