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Large Lemurs: Ecological, Demographic and Environmental Risk Factors for Weight Gain in Captivity.

ABSTRACT: Excessive body mass, i.e., being overweight or obese, is a health concern associated with issues such as reduced fertility and lifespan. Some lemur species are prone to extreme weight gain in captivity, yet others are not. To better understand species- and individual-level effects on susceptibility to captive weight gain, we use two complementary methods: phylogenetic comparative methods to examine ecological explanations for susceptibility to weight gain across species, and epidemiological approaches to examine demographic and environment effects within species. Data on body masses and living conditions were collected using a survey, yielding useable data on 675 lemurs representing 13 species from 96 collections worldwide. Data on species-typical wild ecology for comparative analyses came from published literature and climate databases. We uncovered one potential ecological risk factor: species adapted to greater wild food resource unpredictability tended to be more prone to weight gain. Our epidemiological analyses on the four best-sampled species revealed four demographic and one environmental risk factors, e.g., for males, being housed with only fixed climbing structures. We make practical recommendations to help address weight concerns, and describe future research including ways to validate the proxy we used to infer body condition.

SUBMITTER: Mellor EL

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7460476 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Aug

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Large Lemurs: Ecological, Demographic and Environmental Risk Factors for Weight Gain in Captivity.

Mellor Emma L EL Cuthill Innes C IC Schwitzer Christoph C Mason Georgia J GJ Mendl Michael M

Animals : an open access journal from MDPI 20200818 8

Excessive body mass, i.e., being overweight or obese, is a health concern associated with issues such as reduced fertility and lifespan. Some lemur species are prone to extreme weight gain in captivity, yet others are not. To better understand species- and individual-level effects on susceptibility to captive weight gain, we use two complementary methods: phylogenetic comparative methods to examine ecological explanations for susceptibility to weight gain across species, and epidemiological appr ...[more]

PMID: 32824807

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Project description:BackgroundRenal transplantation is the definitive treatment for patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). It is associated with better quality of life and patient survival. Nevertheless, these benefits come with rising concerns about weight gain and metabolic abnormalities, which adversely impact transplant outcomes.ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to estimate the incidence of weight gain in the first year post-renal transplant in addition to the assessment of potential risk factors and the resulting outcome of the graft.MethodsWe conducted a single-center retrospective cohort study of all 295 patients who underwent kidney transplantation at King Abdulaziz Medical City (KAMC) between January 2016 and December 2019. Clinical and laboratory variables were collected from electronic records. Continuous variables were reported as mean ± standard deviation. Comparison between groups was assessed by unpaired t-test or Mann-Whitney U test while follow-up data were compared using paired t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. Association between the potential risk factors and the weight gain was assessed by means of binary logistic regression analysis.ResultsSignificant weight gain was observed in 161 (54.6%) patients. Females were 119 (40.30%) of the cohort. The mean age was 45.3±15.1 years. The prevalence of diabetes was 234 (79.6%), while hypertensives constituted 77 (26.3%). The comparison between patients who gained weight significantly and patients with stable weight showed a numerical higher prevalence of female gender in patients who had more weight gain (44.1% vs. 35.8%), higher diabetes, higher rate of a living donor, and statistically significant lower dialysis duration before transplant. Other clinical and laboratory variables were comparable between the two groups.ConclusionOur study showed a high incidence of clinically significant weight gain among patients post-renal transplantation. Patients with lower dialysis duration, a living kidney donor and those who are obese at baseline were at higher risk of gaining weight. Patients who underwent kidney transplantation should be monitored closely for weight gain and further studies are needed to determine the risk factors and appropriate interventions.

Project description:BackgroundOver the past decade there have been rapid advancements in telemedicine and mobile health technology (mHealth) and rapid increases in adoption of these technologies among OB-GYN providers. Mobile technology is routinely used in the general adult population to simplify monitoring of food intake and weight. Studies have demonstrated that weight loss achieved via remote monitoring, through use of wi-fi scales and web applications, is similar to weight loss achieved with in-person support. These technologies also increase flexibility for subjects and providers. However, there has been limited large-scale research to evaluate the use of these technologies to improve adherence to weight-gain recommendations during pregnancy.ObjectivesTo evaluate gestational weight gain tracking in a large low-risk obstetrical population using remote patient monitoring and a mobile phone app.MethodsSelf-reported age, height, estimated due date, and weight data were extracted from low-risk, singleton pregnancies entered from 50,769 participants who were enrolled in the BabyScripts TM phone app between 1 January 2016 and 1 March 2020. After data cleaning, 15,468 participants were included the final analysis. Linear regression and Spearman's correlation were used to examine the relationships between total weight gain, rate of weight gain, body mass index (BMI), postpartum weight loss, and app engagement.ResultsThe average weight gain in the first, second, and third trimester were 0.09 ± 1.8 kg, 4.2 ± 3.3 kg, and 3.9 ± 3.9 kg, respectively. The average rate of weight gain per week for the second and third trimesters were 0.5 ± 0.4 kg/wk and 0.6 ± 0.8 kg/wk, respectively. Participants with higher initial BMI had slower rate of weight gain than those with lower initial BMI (r = -0.24, r = -0.05, for second and third trimester, respectively). Overall, 21.4% of participants met the Institutes of Medicine (IOM) recommendation for total weight gain during pregnancy. Patients who were highly engaged with the mobile app had increased adherence to the IOM guidelines (29.8% vs. 9.4%, p < 0.001). A larger proportion of highly engaged patients adhered to the IOM guidelines for rate of weight gain in the second and third trimester, compared to the lowest engaged patients (12.7% vs. 6.8%, p < 0.001). On average, participants lost 8.8 ± 3.3 kg over an average of 8.1 ± 4.6 weeks in the immediate postpartum period. This weight loss was positively associated with engagement (r = 0.3, p < 0.001).CommentsEngagement with the mobile app was associated with increased adherence to the IOM gestational weight gain guidelines and with increased postpartum weight loss. Use of remote patient monitoring in conjunction with mHealth technology may be a strategy to improve adherence to IOM guidelines.

Project description:BackgroundRenal transplantation is the best modality of renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease. However, it is associated with weight gain and metabolic abnormalities, which adversely impact transplant outcomes.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to identify the risk factors of one-year weight gain after renal transplantation.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted with 374 patients that underwent kidney transplantation between January 2006 and July 2013. Clinical and laboratory variables were collected from electronic records, and the outcome of interest was weight gain during the first year after renal transplantation. The data were reported as mean ± standard deviation, median (interquartile range) or number of subjects (%). The association between variables were assessed via chi-square test and ANOVA. For analysis of risk factors related to the outcomes of interest, multivariable logistic regression models were used.ResultsThere were 181 (48.4%) female patients, 334 (89.3%) with white ethnicity and the mean age was 44.4 ± 12.8 years. The mean BMI pre-transplant was 24.7 ± 4.1 kg/m2, and 35 (9.9%) patients were classified as obese; 119 (33.6%) as overweight; 187 (52.8%) as normal weight; and 13 (3.7%) as malnourished. After one year of follow-up, the mean BMI was 26.2 ± 5.0 kg/m2, and 61 (17.3%) patients were classified as obese; 133 (37.8%) as overweight; 148 (42.0%) as normal weight; and 10 (2.8%) as malnourished. Weight gain was observed in 72.7% patients, and the average increase was 7.12 ± 5.9 kg. The female gender, lower pre-transplant body weight, lower number of hospitalizations, and a kidney received from a living donor were associated with weight gain by more than 5% in the first year post-transplant.ConclusionFemale gender and lower pre-transplant body weight were independently associated with weight gain by more than 5% in the first year after kidney transplantation; lower rates of hospitalization and donation from living donors were also risk factors for this outcome.

Project description:Aims/hypothesisAccumulating evidence suggests an impact of gestational weight gain (GWG) on pregnancy outcomes; however, data on cardiometabolic risk factors later in life have not been comprehensively studied. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between GWG and cardiometabolic risk in offspring aged 7 years.MethodsWe included a total of 905 mother-child pairs who enrolled in the follow-up visit of the multicentre Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome study, at the Hong Kong Centre. Women were classified as having gained weight below, within or exceeding the 2009 Institute of Medicine (IOM) guidelines. A standardised GWG according to pre-pregnancy BMI categories was calculated to explore for any quadratic relationship.ResultsIndependent of pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational hyperglycaemia and other confounders, women who gained more weight than the IOM recommendations had offspring with a larger body size and increased odds of adiposity, hypertension and insulin resistance (range of p values of all the traits: 4.6 × 10-9 < p < 0.0390) than women who were within the recommended range of weight gain during pregnancy. Meanwhile, women who gained less weight than outlined in the recommendations had offspring with increased risks of hypertension and insulin resistance, compared with those who gained weight within the recommended range (7.9 × 10-3 < p < 0.0477). Quadratic relationships for diastolic blood pressure, AUC for insulin, pancreatic beta cell function and insulin sensitivity index were confirmed in the analysis of standardised GWG (1.4 × 10-3 < pquadratic < 0.0282). Further adjustment for current BMI noticeably attenuated the observed associations.Conclusions/interpretationBoth excessive and inadequate GWG have independent and significant impacts on childhood adiposity, hypertension and insulin resistance. Our findings support the notion that adverse intrauterine exposures are associated with persistent cardiometabolic risk in the offspring.

Dataset Information

Large Lemurs: Ecological, Demographic and Environmental Risk Factors for Weight Gain in Captivity.

Publications

Large Lemurs: Ecological, Demographic and Environmental Risk Factors for Weight Gain in Captivity.

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