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Effect of Choline Forms and Gut Microbiota Composition on Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Response in Healthy Men.


ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a choline-derived gut microbiota-dependent metabolite, is a newly recognized risk marker for cardiovascular disease. We sought to determine: (1) TMAO response to meals containing free versus lipid-soluble choline and (2) effects of gut microbiome on TMAO response. METHODS:In a randomized, controlled, double-blinded, crossover study, healthy men (n = 37) were provided meals containing 600 mg choline either as choline bitartrate or phosphatidylcholine, or no choline control. RESULTS:Choline bitartrate yielded three-times greater plasma TMAO AUC (p = 0.01) and 2.5-times greater urinary TMAO change from baseline (p = 0.01) compared to no choline and phosphatidylcholine. Gut microbiota composition differed (permutational multivariate analysis of variance, PERMANOVA; p = 0.01) between high-TMAO producers (with ?40% increase in urinary TMAO response to choline bitartrate) and low-TMAO producers (with <40% increase in TMAO response). High-TMAO producers had more abundant lineages of Clostridium from Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae compared to low-TMAO producers (analysis of composition of microbiomes, ANCOM; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION:Given that phosphatidylcholine is the major form of choline in food, the absence of TMAO elevation with phosphatidylcholine counters arguments that phosphatidylcholine should be avoided due to TMAO-producing characteristics. Further, development of individualized dietary recommendations based on the gut microbiome may be effective in reducing disease risk.

SUBMITTER: Cho CE 

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7468900 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jul

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Effect of Choline Forms and Gut Microbiota Composition on Trimethylamine-<i>N</i>-Oxide Response in Healthy Men.

Cho Clara E CE   Aardema Niklas D J NDJ   Bunnell Madison L ML   Larson Deanna P DP   Aguilar Sheryl S SS   Bergeson Janet R JR   Malysheva Olga V OV   Caudill Marie A MA   Lefevre Michael M  

Nutrients 20200725 8


<h4>Background</h4>Trimethylamine-<i>N</i>-oxide (TMAO), a choline-derived gut microbiota-dependent metabolite, is a newly recognized risk marker for cardiovascular disease. We sought to determine: (1) TMAO response to meals containing free versus lipid-soluble choline and (2) effects of gut microbiome on TMAO response.<h4>Methods</h4>In a randomized, controlled, double-blinded, crossover study, healthy men (<i>n</i> = 37) were provided meals containing 600 mg choline either as choline bitartrat  ...[more]

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