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Inflammation in Mental Disorders: Is the Microbiota the Missing Link?

ABSTRACT: Research suggests that inflammation is important in the pathophysiology of mental disorders. In addition, a growing body of evidence has led to the concept of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. To understand the potential interactions, we begin by exploring the liaison between the immune system and mental disorders, then we describe the evidence that the microbiota impact the immune response in the developing brain. Next, we review the literature that has documented microbiome alterations in major mental disorders. We end with a summary of therapeutic applications, ranging from psycho-biotics to immunomodulatory drugs that could affect the microbiota-gut-brain axis, and potential treatments to alleviate the adverse effects of antipsychotics. We conclude that there is promising evidence to support the position that the microbiota plays an important role in the immunological pathophysiology of mental disorders with an emphasis on psychotic disorders and mood disorders. However, more research is needed to elucidate the mechanisms.

SUBMITTER: Ouabbou S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7475155 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Inflammation in Mental Disorders: Is the Microbiota the Missing Link?

Ouabbou Sophie S He Ying Y Butler Keith K Tsuang Ming M

Neuroscience bulletin 20200627 9

Research suggests that inflammation is important in the pathophysiology of mental disorders. In addition, a growing body of evidence has led to the concept of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. To understand the potential interactions, we begin by exploring the liaison between the immune system and mental disorders, then we describe the evidence that the microbiota impact the immune response in the developing brain. Next, we review the literature that has documented microbiome alterations in major m ...[more]

PMID: 32592144

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Project description:IntroductionSleep related breathing disorders (SRBD) are associated with both obesity and systemic inflammation. While the relationship between obesity and SRBD is established, the causality between inflammation and SRBD remains unclear. In this study we investigated the relation between SRBD and C-reactive protein (CRP) as a parameter of inflammation and the influence of SRBD treatment on CRP with additional regard to changes in metabolic and cardiovascular parameters.MethodsPolysomnography (PSG) and laboratory data of patients diagnosed with SRBD over a period of 5 years were prospectively collected in a database and retrospectively analysed regarding the association of SRBD (according to apnoea-hypopnoea- index (AHI), duration of events and extent of desaturation) to CRP, blood pressure, cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c, quality of life measured via a visual analogue scale (VAS 0-100%), and the effects of SRBD therapy on these parameters.Results716 patients were included in the study, 171 with mild SRBD (AHI ≥5 to <15/h), 209 with moderate SRBD (AHI 15 to <30/h), 336 with severe SRBD (AHI ≥30/h). Results according to severity of SRBD. Severe SRBD was significantly associated with elevated levels of CRP (3.7 [1.8-7.0] mg/l, vs. moderate (p = 0.001), and mild SRBD (p<0.001), and higher prevalence of hypertension as compared to moderate and mild SRBD (p<0.001, respectively). Results in highly successful treatment. If SRBD treatment was highly successful (AHI <5/h), CRP and quality of life improved significantly (p = 0.001 and p = 0.002), as did blood pressure (p<0.001 for systolic and diastolic values), although BMI increased (p<0.001). Results in partially successful treatment. If success was defined as reduction of AHI of ≥50%, CRP also decreased (p<0.001), as did blood pressure (p<0.001). Again, BMI increased (p<0.001).ConclusionThis is the first study to show an association of SRBD and CRP independently of BMI in a large cohort. The SRBD therapy-induced CRP decrease was not associated with BMI changes or metabolic changes but rather with the magnitude of AHI improvement.

Project description:The origin and deep evolution of retroviruses remain largely unclear. It has been proposed that retroviruses might have originated from a Ty3/Gypsy retrotransposon, but all known Ty3/Gypsy retrotransposons are only distantly related to retroviruses. Retroviruses and some plant Athila/Tat elements (within Ty3/Gypsy retrotransposons) independently evolved a dual RNase H domain and an env/env-like gene. Here, we reported the discovery of a novel lineage of retrotransposons, designated Odin retrotransposons, in the genomes of eight sea anemones (order Actinaria) within the Cnidaria phylum. Odin retrotransposons exhibited unique genome features, encoding a dual RNase H domain (like retroviruses) but no env gene (like most Ty3/Gypsy retrotransposons). Phylogenetic analyses based on reverse transcriptase showed that Odin retrotransposons formed a sister group to lokiretroviruses, and lokiretroviruses and Odin retrotransposons together were sister to canonical retroviruses. Moreover, phylogenetic analyses based on RNase H and integrase also supported the hypothesis that Odin retrotransposons were sisters to lokiretroviruses. Lokiretroviruses and canonical retroviruses did not form a monophyletic group, indicating that lokiretroviruses and canonical retroviruses might represent two distinct virus families. Taken together, the discovery of Odin retrotransposons narrowed down the evolutionary gaps between retrotransposons and canonical retroviruses and lokiretroviruses. IMPORTANCE The origin of retroviruses remains largely unclear. In this study, we discovered a novel retrotransposon lineage, Odin retrotransposons, within the genomes of sea anemones (order Actinaria). In contrast to retroviruses and most retrotransposons, Odin retrotransposons encode a dual RNase H domain but no env gene. Phylogenetic analyses showed that Odin retrotransposons were sisters to lokiretroviruses, and lokiretroviruses and Odin retrotransposons were sisters to retroviruses, establishing an evolutionary framework to decipher the origin of retroviruses (canonical retroviruses and lokiretroviruses). Our results provided insights into the diversity and deep evolution of LTR retrotransposons closely related to retroviruses.

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Inflammation in Mental Disorders: Is the Microbiota the Missing Link?

Publications

Inflammation in Mental Disorders: Is the Microbiota the Missing Link?

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