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Marking vertebrates langerhans cells, from fish to mammals.

ABSTRACT: Langerhans cells (LCs) are specialized dendritic cells (DCs) that play a defense role in recognizing foreign antigens, in tissue where antigenic exposures occur, as in the skin and mucous membranes. LCs are able to continuously move within the tissues thanks to dendritic contraction and distension performing their surveillance and/or phagocytosis role. These cells are characterized by the presence of Birbeck granules in their cytoplasm, involved in endocytosis. LCs have been characterized in several classes of vertebrates, from fish to mammals using different histological and molecular techniques. The aim of the present review is to define the state of art and the need of information about immunohistochemical markers of LCs in different classes of vertebrates. The most used immunohistochemical (IHC) markers are Langerin/CD207, CD1a, S-100 and TLR. These IHC markers are described in relation to their finding in different vertebrate classes with phylogenetical considerations. Among the four markers, Langerin/CD207 and TLR have the widest spectrum of cross reactivity in LCs.

SUBMITTER: Alesci A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7480233 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Marking vertebrates langerhans cells, from fish to mammals.

Alesci Alessio A Lauriano Eugenia Rita ER Aragona Marialuisa M Capillo Gioele G Pergolizzi Simona S

Acta histochemica 20200909 7

Langerhans cells (LCs) are specialized dendritic cells (DCs) that play a defense role in recognizing foreign antigens, in tissue where antigenic exposures occur, as in the skin and mucous membranes. LCs are able to continuously move within the tissues thanks to dendritic contraction and distension performing their surveillance and/or phagocytosis role. These cells are characterized by the presence of Birbeck granules in their cytoplasm, involved in endocytosis. LCs have been characterized in sev ...[more]

PMID: 33066843

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Project description:Langerhans cells (LCs) reside in the epidermis as a dense network of immune system sentinels. These cells determine the appropriate adaptive immune response (inflammation or tolerance) by interpreting the microenvironmental context in which they encounter foreign substances. In a normal physiological, "non-dangerous" situation, LCs coordinate a continuous state of immune tolerance, preventing unnecessary and harmful immune activation. Conversely, when they sense a danger signal, for example during infection or when the physical integrity of skin has been compromised as a result of a trauma, they instruct T lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system to mount efficient effector responses. Recent advances investigating the molecular mechanisms underpinning the cross talk between LCs and the epidermal microenvironment reveal its importance for programming LC biology. This review summarizes the novel findings describing LC origin and function through the analysis of the transcriptomic programs and gene regulatory networks (GRNs). Review and meta-analysis of publicly available datasets clearly delineates LCs as distinct from both conventional dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, suggesting a primary role for the epidermal microenvironment in programming LC biology. This concept is further supported by the analysis of the effect of epidermal pro-inflammatory signals, regulating key GRNs in human and murine LCs. Applying whole transcriptome analyses and in silico analysis has advanced our understanding of how LCs receive, integrate, and process signals from the steady-state and diseased epidermis. Interestingly, in homeostasis and under immunological stress, the molecular network in LCs remains relatively stable, reflecting a key evolutionary need related to tissue localization. Importantly, to fulfill their key role in orchestrating antiviral adaptive immune responses, LC share specific transcriptomic modules with other DC types able to cross-present antigens to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, pointing to a possible evolutionary convergence mechanism. With the development of more advanced technologies allowing delineation of the molecular networks at the level of chromatin organization, histone modifications, protein translation, and phosphorylation, future "omics" investigations will bring in-depth understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms underpinning human LC biology.

Project description:Myelin basic protein (MBP) is an important component of the myelin sheath surrounding neurons, and it is directly affected in demyelinating diseases. MBP contains a relatively large number of post-translational modifications (PTMs), which have been reported to play a role in multiple sclerosis, while MBPs from lower vertebrates have been reported to be incapable of inducing multiple sclerosis or allergic encephalitis. This study reveals the extent of differences in PTM patterns for mammalian and nonmammalian MBPs. This included intact mass and de novo sequence analysis of approximately 85% of rattlesnake MBP, the first reptile MBP to be characterized, and of bovine MBP. We identified 12 PTMs at 11 sites in the five bovine MBP charge components, which include both previously reported and novel modifications. The most notable modification is an acetylation of lysine 121. Other modifications found in bovine MBP include N-terminal acetylation in components C1, C2, and C3; oxidation of methionine 19 in all five components; all charge isomers having both a mono- and dimethylated (symmetric) arginine at position 106; deimination in arginines 23 and 47 found only in component C8b; deimination of arginine 96 and deamidation in glutamine 102 found in components C2, C3, C8a, and C8b; phosphorylation in threonine 97 restricted to charge components C2 and C3; deimination in arginine 161 only found in component C3; deamidation of glutamine 120 was only observed in C3. All four deiminated arginines and one acetylated lysine were first experimentally revealed in this study for bovine MBP. Mascot database searching combined with de novo sequence analysis of rattlesnake MBP provided more than 85% sequence coverage. A few PTMs were also revealed in rattlesnake MBP: mono- and dimethylated Arg, protein N-terminal acetylation, and deiminated Arg. Overall, snake MBP was found to undergo less modification than bovine MBP on the basis of the mass heterogeneity of the intact protein, the bottom-up structure analysis, and the limited complexity of rattlesnake MBP chromatography. The combined data from this study and information from previous studies extend the known MBP PTMs, and PTMs unique to higher vertebrates are proposed.

Dataset Information

Marking vertebrates langerhans cells, from fish to mammals.

Publications

Marking vertebrates langerhans cells, from fish to mammals.

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