Stepwise 3D-spatio-temporal magnesium cationic niche: Nanocomposite scaffold mediated microenvironment for modulating intramembranous ossification
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ABSTRACT: The fate of cells and subsequent bone regeneration is highly correlated with temporospatial coordination of chemical, biological, or physical cues within a local tissue microenvironment. Deeper understanding of how mammalian cells react to local tissue microenvironment is paramount important when designing next generation of biomaterials for tissue engineering. This study aims to investigate that the regulation of magnesium cationic (Mg2+) tissue microenvironment is able to convince early-stage bone regeneration and its mechanism undergoes intramembranous ossification. It was discovered that moderate Mg2+ content niche (~4.11 mM) led to superior bone regeneration, while Mg2+-free and strong Mg2+ content (~16.44 mM) discouraged cell adhesion, proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, thereby bone formation was rarely found. When magnesium ions diffused into free Mg zone from concentrated zone in late time point, new bone formation on free Mg zone became significant through intramembranous ossification. This study successfully demonstrates that magnesium cationic microenvironment serves as an effective biochemical cue and is able to modulate the process of bony tissue regeneration. The knowledge of how a Mg2+ cationic microenvironment intertwines with cells and subsequent bone formation gained from this study may provide a new insight to develop the next generation of tissue-repairing biomaterials. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Regulation of Mg2+ concertation in tissue microenvironment can convince early-stage bone regeneration.• Samples without and with strong Mg2+ microenvironments (16.44 mM) suppressed the osteogenic differentiation.• When Mg2+ diffused into free Mg zone from concentrated zone over time, bone formation over free Mg zone becomes significant.• Bone defect repair through intramembranous ossification was promoted by 3D-scaffold-created moderate Mg2+ microenvironment.
SUBMITTER: Shen J
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7492774 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Sep
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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