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Difference Between Intentional and Reactive Movement in Side-Steps: Patterns of Temporal Structure and Force Exertion

ABSTRACT: Intentional and reactive movements are dissimilar in terms of execution time. Previous studies reported that reactive movements are faster than intentional movements (“Bohr’s law” or “Gunslinger effect”), however, these studies focused only on hand-reaching tasks, such as pressing buttons. No studies assessed whole-body movements involving movement of the center of mass (CoM). This movement is characterized by many degrees of freedom because it involves many joints and requires more force than the hand-reaching movement. In this study, we determined the differences in the patterns of temporal structure and force exertion to elucidate the mechanism of “Bohr’s law” in whole-body movement involving movement of the CoM. Ten participants performed a sidestepping task, which requires at least two steps: (1) an intentional movement, in which the movement started with the participants’ own timing; and (2) a reactive movement, in which the movement started the moment a light-emitting diode bulb in front of the participants lit up. We collected data on the ground reaction forces and coordinates of 20 body points. The time of movement onset was calculated and defined based on the ground reaction force, which has the earliest onset compared with velocity and position. The execution time was significantly shorter in the reactive movement condition than in the intentional movement condition (772 vs. 715 ms, p = 2.9 × 10–4). We confirmed that Bohr’s law was applicable not only in hand-reaching tasks but also in whole-body movement. Moreover, we identified three phases, including the velocity reversal phenomenon associated with the produced mechanism of Bohr’s law, and provided the temporal structure. The difference in the pattern of force exertion accompanying the two styles of motor planning with different accuracies was strongly associated with this motor characteristic. These findings may serve as important basic data to scientifically clarify the mechanism of complex physical tactics implemented in one-on-one dueling in various sports.

SUBMITTER: Wakatsuki T

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7495094 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jan

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Background:Spatio-temporal patterns of movement can characterize relationships between organisms and their surroundings, and address gaps in our understanding of species ecology, activity budgets, bioenergetics, and habitat resource management. Highly mobile waterfowl, which can exploit resources over large spatial extents, are excellent models to understand relationships between movements and resource usage, landscape interactions and specific habitat needs. Methods:We tracked 3 species of dabbling ducks with GPS-GSM transmitters in 2015-17 to examine fine-scale movement patterns over 24?h periods (30?min interval), dividing movement pathways into temporally continuous segments and spatially contiguous patches. We quantified distances moved, area used and time allocated across the day, using linear and generalized linear mixed models. We investigated behavior through relationships between these variables. Results:Movements and space-use were small, and varied by species, sex and season. Gadwall (Mareca strepera) generally moved least (FFDs: 0.5-0.7?km), but their larger foraging patches resulted from longer within-area movements. Pintails (Anas acuta) moved most, were more likely to conduct flights >?300?m, had FFDs of 0.8-1.1?km, used more segments and patches per day that they revisited more frequently, resulting in the longest daily total movements. Females and males differed only during the post-hunt season when females moved more. 23.6% of track segments were short duration (1-2 locations), approximately 1/3 more than would be expected if they occurred randomly, and were more dispersed in the landscape than longer segments. Distance moved in 30?min shortened as segment duration increased, likely reflecting phases of non-movement captured within segments. Conclusions:Pacific Flyway ducks spend the majority of time using smaller foraging and resting areas than expected or previously reported, implying that foraging areas may be highly localized, and nutrients obtainable from smaller areas. Additionally, movement reductions over time demonstrates behavioral adjustments that represent divergent energetic demands, the detection of which is a key advantage of higher frequency data. Ducks likely use less energy for movement than currently predicted and management, including distribution and configuration of essential habitat, may require reconsideration. Our study illustrates how fine-scale movement data from tracking help understand and inform various other fields of research.

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Difference Between Intentional and Reactive Movement in Side-Steps: Patterns of Temporal Structure and Force Exertion

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