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Visual-reward driven changes of movement during action execution.

ABSTRACT: Motor decision-making is often described as a sequential process, beginning with the assessment of available options and leading to the execution of a selected movement. While this view is likely to be accurate for decisions requiring significant deliberation, it would seem unfit for choices between movements in dynamic environments. In this study, we examined whether and how non-selected motor options may be considered post-movement onset. We hypothesized that a change in reward at any point in time implies a dynamic reassessment of options, even after an initial decision has been made. To test this, we performed a decision-making task in which human participants were instructed to execute a reaching movement from an origin to a rectangular target to attain a reward. Reward depended on arrival precision and on the specific distribution of reward presented along the target. On a third of trials, we changed the initial reward distribution post-movement onset. Our results indicated that participants frequently change their initially selected movements when a change is associated with an increase in reward. This process occurs quicker than overall, average reaction times. Finally, changes in movement are not only dependent on reward but also on the current state of the motor apparatus.

SUBMITTER: Marti-Marca A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7511350 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Visual-reward driven changes of movement during action execution.

Marti-Marca Angela A Deco Gustavo G Cos Ignasi I

Scientific reports 20200923 1

Motor decision-making is often described as a sequential process, beginning with the assessment of available options and leading to the execution of a selected movement. While this view is likely to be accurate for decisions requiring significant deliberation, it would seem unfit for choices between movements in dynamic environments. In this study, we examined whether and how non-selected motor options may be considered post-movement onset. We hypothesized that a change in reward at any point in ...[more]

PMID: 32968102

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Project description:BackgroundRecent studies of functional or effective connectivity in the brain have reported that motor-related brain regions were activated during motor execution and motor imagery, but the relationship between motor and cognitive areas has not yet been completely understood. The objectives of our study were to analyze the effective connectivity between motor and cognitive networks in order to define network dynamics during motor execution and motor imagery in healthy individuals. Second, we analyzed the differences in effective connectivity between correct and incorrect responses during motor execution and imagery using dynamic causal modeling (DCM) of electroencephalography (EEG) data.MethodTwenty healthy subjects performed a sequence of finger tapping trials using either motor execution or motor imagery, and the performances were recorded. Changes in effective connectivity between the primary motor cortex (M1), supplementary motor area (SMA), premotor cortex (PMC), and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) were estimated using dynamic causal modeling. Bayesian model averaging with family-level inference and fixed-effects analysis was applied to determine the most likely connectivity model for these regions.ResultsMotor execution and imagery showed inputs to distinct brain regions, the premotor cortex and the supplementary motor area, respectively. During motor execution, the coupling strength of a feedforward network from the DLPFC to the PMC was greater than that during motor imagery. During motor imagery, the coupling strengths of a feedforward network from the PMC to the SMA and of a feedback network from M1 to the PMC were higher than that during motor execution. In imagined movement, although there were connectivity differences between correct and incorrect task responses, each motor imagery task that included correct and incorrect responses showed similar network connectivity characteristics. Correct motor imagery responses showed connectivity from the PMC to the DLPFC, while the incorrect responses had characteristic connectivity from the SMA to the DLPFC.ConclusionsThese findings provide an understanding of effective connectivity between motor and cognitive areas during motor execution and imagery as well as the basis for future connectivity studies for patients with stroke.

Project description:Posture and movement planning, preparation, and execution of a goal-directed reaching movement are impaired in individuals with stroke. No studies have shown whether the deficits are generally impaired or are specific to the lesioned hemisphere/paretic arm. This study utilized StartReact (SR) responses elicited by loud acoustic stimuli (LAS) to investigate the preparation and execution of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) and reach movement response during both paretic and nonparetic arm reaching in individuals with stroke and in age-matched healthy controls. Subjects were asked to get ready after receiving a warning cue and to reach at a "go" cue. An LAS was delivered at -500, -200, and 0 ms relative to the go cue. Kinetic, kinematic, and electromyographic data were recorded to characterize APA-reach movement responses. Individuals with stroke demonstrated systemwide deficits in posture and in movement planning, preparation, and execution of APA-reach sequence as shown by significant reduction in the incidence of SR response and impaired APA-reach performance, with greater deficits during paretic arm reaching. Use of trunk compensation strategy as characterized by greater involvement of trunk and pelvic rotation was utilized by individuals with stroke during paretic arm reaching compared with nonparetic arm reaching and healthy controls. Our findings have implications for upper extremity and postural control, suggesting that intervention should include training not only for the paretic arm but also for the nonparetic arm with simultaneous postural control requirements to improve the coordination of the APA-reach performance and subsequently reduce instability while functional tasks are performed during standing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our study is the first to show that nonparetic arm reaching also demonstrates impairment in posture and movement planning, preparation, and execution when performed during standing by individuals with stroke. In addition, we found compensatory trunk and pelvic rotations were used during a standing reach task for the paretic arms. The findings have clinical implications for upper extremity and postural rehabilitation, suggesting that training should include the nonparetic arms and incorporate simultaneous postural control demands.

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Visual-reward driven changes of movement during action execution.

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Visual-reward driven changes of movement during action execution.

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