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Association between neighbourhood socioeconomic status and developmental vulnerability of kindergarten children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A population level study

ABSTRACT: There is limited knowledge about the relationship between neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES) and development of kindergarten children with ASD. The primary objective of this study was to determine the association between neighbourhood SES and developmental vulnerability of kindergarten children with ASD while controlling for family SES across 10 provinces and territories in Canada. This study used data from a population level database of child development in kindergarten, collected with the Early Development Instrument (EDI). The EDI covers five broad domains of developmental health: physical health and well-being, social competence, emotional maturity, language and cognitive development, and communication skills and general knowledge. Neighbourhood SES was assessed with an SES index created using 10 variables from the 2011 Canadian Census and 2010 Taxfiler data. Family SES was assessed using 4 variables from the 2016 Canadian Census. Descriptive statistics and regression-based models were used in this study. Multilevel binary logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between neighbourhood SES and child developmental vulnerability (yes/no), at the individual level, while controlling for family SES, demographic characteristics, and neighbourhood clustering. The association between neighbourhood SES and child developmental vulnerability at the individual level, while controlling for family SES and demographic characteristics was examined with binary single level logistic regression analyses. Multivariable linear regression analyses were used to examine the association between neighbourhood SES and developmental vulnerability at the neighbourhood level (% of kindergarten children with ASD demonstrating developmental vulnerability in a neighbourhood). In Ontario, British Columbia, Manitoba, and Newfoundland and Labrador, higher neighbourhood SES was associated with lower likelihood of developmental vulnerability. In Nova Scotia, higher neighbourhood SES was associated with higher likelihood of vulnerability in the social competence and communication skills and general knowledge domains. These findings emphasize the importance of addressing neighbourhood deprivation to support the development of children with ASD. Additionally, the inconsistency highlights the importance of examining the mechanisms through which neighbourhood SES impacts development of these children on a provincial basis. Highlights • Kindergarten children with ASD demonstrated poor development across Canada.• Higher neighbourhood socioeconomic status was associated with better development.• Relationship between socioeconomic status and development varies by unit of analysis. There is limited information on the relationship between neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES) and development of kindergarten children with ASD. This study shows that higher neighbourhood SES is associated with better developmental health outcomes among children with this disorder in several provinces in Canada. This finding emphasizes the importance of addressing neighbourhood deprivation to support the development of children with ASD.

SUBMITTER: Siddiqua A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7522116 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:Increasing evidence suggests that autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and many forms of developmental delay (DD) originate during fetal development. Preeclampsia may trigger aberrant neurodevelopment through placental, maternal, and fetal physiologic mechanisms.To determine whether preeclampsia is associated with ASD and/or DD.The Childhood Autism Risks from Genetics and the Environment (CHARGE) study is a population-based, case-control investigation of ASD and/or DD origins. Children from 20 California counties aged 24 to 60 months at the time of recruitment and living in catchment areas with a biological parent fluent in English or Spanish were enrolled from January 29, 2003, through April 7, 2011. Children with ASD (n?=?517) and DD (n?=?194) were recruited through the California Department of Developmental Services, the Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute, and referrals. Controls with typical development (TD) (n?=?350) were randomly selected from birth records and frequency matched on age, sex, and broad geographic region. Physicians diagnosing preeclampsia were masked to neurodevelopmental outcome, and those assessing neurodevelopmental function were masked to preeclampsia status.Preeclampsia and placental insufficiency were self-reported and abstracted from medical records.The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule and Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised were used to confirm ASD, whereas children with DD and TD were confirmed by Mullen Scales of Early Learning and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales and were free of autistic symptoms. Hypotheses were formulated before data collection.Children with ASD were twice as likely to have been exposed in utero to preeclampsia as controls with TD after adjustment for maternal educational level, parity, and prepregnancy obesity (adjusted odds ratio, 2.36; 95% CI, 1.18-4.68); risk increased with greater preeclampsia severity (test for trend, P?=?.02). Placental insufficiency appeared responsible for the increase in DD risk associated with severe preeclampsia (adjusted odds ratio, 5.49; 95% CI, 2.06-14.64).Preeclampsia, particularly severe disease, is associated with ASD and DD. Faulty placentation manifests in the mother as preeclampsia with vascular damage, enhanced systemic inflammation, and insulin resistance; in the placenta as oxygen and nutrient transfer restriction and oxidative stress; and in the fetus as growth restriction and progressive hypoxemia. All are potential mechanisms for neurodevelopmental compromise.

Project description:The developmental health of young children is highly influenced by the socioeconomic conditions in which they are raised. How to accurately measure these conditions is a point of debate in the current literature on child development, health, and social determinants. We have evaluated four existing indices of socioeconomic status (SES) to determine the most relevant for the analysis of early childhood development (ECD) in Canada. Following a literature review of published SES indices which used 2006 Canadian Census data, four indices were chosen based on their relevance to ECD and the number of citations in subsequent articles. These were: the Canadian Deprivation Index, the Socioeconomic Factor Index, the Canadian Marginalization Index and an index created by the Early Childhood Mapping Project in Alberta, Canada. The indices were replicated using SES data for 2038 customized geographic neighbourhoods encompassing 99.9% of the Canadian population, and the relationship of the indices to ECD was investigated by linking to aggregated data from the Early Development Instrument (EDI), a teacher-completed questionnaire used to assess kindergarten children's physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development, and communication skills. The derived SES indices were compared based on four criteria: the input variables used, the index structure, the interpretability of the index and the variance they explained (R2) in the different EDI outcome measures. In terms of variance explained, material components of the SES indices (e.g., income, education) consistently showed the strongest association with children's language and cognitive development. The patterns of association for the non-material SES components and the other developmental domains of the EDI were more complex. We discuss the findings in regard to current developments in the field, and the need for refining empirical and theoretical approaches to examine associations between different facets of SES contextual factors and different aspects of ECD outcomes.

Project description:Vitamin D appears essential for normal neurodevelopment and cognitive and behavioral function. We examined neonatal vitamin D in relation to the child's later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or developmental delay (DD). Children aged 24-60?months enrolled in the population-based CHARGE case-control study were evaluated clinically for ASD (n?=?357), DD (n?=?134), or typical development (TD, n?=?234) at the MIND Institute (Sacramento, CA) using standardized assessments. Total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) was measured using sensitive isotope dilution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in archived dried blood spots collected for the California Department of Public Health's Newborn Screening Program. Multinomial logistic regression was used to calculate ORs as measures of the associations between 25?nmol/L change in 25(OH)D and ASD and DD. Associations between 25(OH)D and scores on Mullen Scales of Early Learning and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales were assessed using robust linear regression. Effect modification was examined using stratified models and interaction product terms. Unadjusted mean (SD) 25(OH)D was lower for DD (73.2 [37.6]) than for TD (82.7 [39.3]) and ASD (80.1 [37.4]). After adjustment for maternal prepregnancy body mass index and education, a 25?nmol/L increase in total 25(OH)D was not associated with ASD (OR?=?0.97; CI: 0.87-1.08) or DD (OR?=?0.91; 95% CI: 0.78-1.06). Neonatal 25(OH)D was associated with significantly reduced ASD only in females (adjusted OR?=?0.74; 95% CI: 0.55-0.99, Pinteraction ?=?0.03), and significantly reduced DD only in non-Hispanic white children (adjusted OR?=?0.79; 95% CI: 0.63-0.98, Pinteraction ?=?0.11 for Hispanic, Pinteraction ?=?0.31 for other), driven by DD children with trisomy 21. This study provides evidence that neonatal vitamin D could be associated with ASD in females and with DD in non-Hispanic white children. Autism Res 2019, 12: 976-988. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Vitamin D appears essential for brain development and function. We examined neonatal total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) measured in dried blood spots in relation to later diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or developmental delay (DD) and related assessment scores. Higher neonatal 25(OH)D was associated with a 26% reduction in the odds for ASD only in females. After taking into account factors that could contribute to vitamin D status, a significant association with 21% reduced odds for DD was found only in non-Hispanic white children. Though results were nonsignificant overall, certain subgroups might benefit from higher neonatal vitamin D.

Project description:The gut microbiota of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children differs from that of children without ASD. The maternal gut microbiota impacts offspring gut microbiota. However, the relationship between the development of ASD and gut bacteria shared between children and their mothers remains elusive. Our study recruited 76 children with ASD and 47 age- and gender-matched children with typical development (TD), as well as the mothers of both groups, and investigated their gut microbiota using amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). The gut microbiota of ASD children was altered compared with that of children with TD, while no significant alterations were found in their mothers. We established 30 gut bacterial coabundance groups (CAGs) and found the relative abundances of CAG15 and CAG16 significantly decreased in ASD children. CAG15 showed a positive correlation with developmental level. The proportion of ASD children who shared either one of the two Lachnospiraceae ASVs from CAG15 with their mothers was significantly lower than that of children with TD. Moreover, we found that CAG12, CAG13, and CAG18 negatively correlated with the severity of social deficits in ASD children. ASD children who shared any one of the four (two Ruminococcaceae, one Lachnospiraceae, and one Collinsella) ASVs in CAG13 and CAG18 with their mothers showed a lower level of social deficits than ASD children that did not share those with their mothers. These data demonstrate that these shared gut bacteria in ASD children are associated with their developmental level and social deficits. This work provides a new direction toward understanding the role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and development of ASD. (This study has been registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry under number ChiCTR-RPC-16008139.)IMPORTANCE Gut microbiota may contribute to the pathogenesis and development of autism spectrum disorder. The maternal gut microbiota influences offspring gut microbial structure and composition. However, the relationship between the clinical symptoms of autism spectrum disorder and the gut bacteria shared between children and their mothers is not yet known. In our study, the gut microbiota of children with autism spectrum disorder differed from that of children with typical development, but there were no differences in the gut microbiota of their mothers. More importantly, gut bacteria shared between children with autism spectrum disorder and their mothers were related to developmental disabilities and social deficits. Thus, our study suggests that these shared gut bacteria may play an important role in the development of autism spectrum disorder. This provides a new direction for future studies aiming to explore the role of the gut microbiota in autism spectrum disorder.

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Association between neighbourhood socioeconomic status and developmental vulnerability of kindergarten children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A population level study

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