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Methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate suppresses inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages and blocks macrophage-adipocyte interaction.

ABSTRACT: Methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate (MTC) is a bioactive natural phenylpropanoid. We evaluated anti-inflammatory effects of synthetic MTC in RAW264.7 macrophages and RAW264.7-3T3-L1 adipocytes co-culture. Levels of cytokines and chemokines, as well as NO and PGE2 in cell supernatants were analysed using ELISAs, Griess assay and enzyme immunoassays, respectively. In-cell cytoblot was used to assess levels of proteins; while DNA binding and reporter gene assays were used to measure transcription factor DNA binding and transcriptional activities, respectively. Glucose uptake in adipocytes was evaluated with 2-deoxy-2-[(7-nitro-2, 1, 3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl) amino]-D-glucose uptake. MTC (5-20 µM) suppressed LPS?+?IFN?-induced release of TNF?, IL-6 and IL-1?, as well as NO/iNOS and PGE2/COX-2 levels in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, there was a reduction in phospho-I?B and phospho-p65 proteins, accompanied by a reduction in total I?B in RAW264.7 cells. Further studies showed that MTC also produced a reduction in NF-?B DNA binding and luciferase activity. Treatment of RAW264.7 cells with MTC (5-20 µM) resulted in enhanced DNA binding of Nrf2 and an increase in ARE-luciferase activity. In a macrophage-adipocyte co-culture, the compound reduced the release of TNF?, IL-6, IL-1?, MCP-1 and RANTES, while enhancing glucose uptake and activation of AMPK?. Our results suggest that MTC produced anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in macrophages. MTC also prevented inflammation in macrophage-adipocyte co-culture. The effect of MTC on glucose uptake in adipocytes is proposed to be linked to activation of AMPK.

SUBMITTER: Olajide OA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7524821 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate suppresses inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages and blocks macrophage-adipocyte interaction.

Olajide Olumayokun A OA Akande Idowu S IS da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho Carlos C Lepiarz-Raba Izabela I de Sousa Damião Pergentino DP

Inflammopharmacology 20200516 5

Methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate (MTC) is a bioactive natural phenylpropanoid. We evaluated anti-inflammatory effects of synthetic MTC in RAW264.7 macrophages and RAW264.7-3T3-L1 adipocytes co-culture. Levels of cytokines and chemokines, as well as NO and PGE<sub>2</sub> in cell supernatants were analysed using ELISAs, Griess assay and enzyme immunoassays, respectively. In-cell cytoblot was used to assess levels of proteins; while DNA binding and reporter gene assays were used to measure transcr ...[more]

PMID: 32418005

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Project description:UnlabelledAspergillus fumigatus, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, spreads in the environment by releasing numerous conidia that are capable of reaching the small alveolar airways of mammalian hosts. In otherwise healthy individuals, macrophages are responsible for rapidly phagocytosing and eliminating these conidia, effectively curbing their germination and consequent invasion of pulmonary tissue. However, under some circumstances, the fungus evades phagocyte-mediated immunity and persists in the respiratory tree. Here, we report thatA. fumigatusescapes macrophage recognition by strategically targeting phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3] metabolism through gliotoxin, a potent immunosuppressive mycotoxin. Time-lapse microscopy revealed that, in response to the toxin, macrophages cease to ruffle, undergo abrupt membrane retraction, and fail to phagocytose large targets effectively. Gliotoxin was found to prevent integrin activation and interfere with actin dynamics, both of which are instrumental for phagocytosis; similar effects were noted in immortalized and primary phagocytes. Detailed studies of the underlying molecular mechanisms of toxicity revealed that inhibition of phagocytosis is attributable to impaired accumulation of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3and the associated dysregulation of downstream effectors, including Rac and/or Cdc42. Strikingly, in response to the diacylglycerol mimetic phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, gliotoxin-treated macrophages reactivate beta integrins, reestablish actin dynamics, and regain phagocytic capacity, despite the overt absence of plasmalemmal PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 Together, our findings identify phosphoinositide metabolism as a critical upstream target of gliotoxin and also indicate that increased diacylglycerol levels can bypass the requirement for PtdIns(3,4,5)P3signaling during membrane ruffling and phagocytosis.ImportanceAspergillus fumigatusis the most frequent cause of human infections in theAspergillusgenus. In immunocompromised populations, invasive aspergillosis (IA) is associated with a mortality rate of up to 90%, and current antifungal therapies have failed to prevent or reverse the infection. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the interactions betweenA. fumigatusand its host is required. In healthy humans, alveolar macrophages can ingest and eliminate fungal spores, thus limiting their germination into mycotoxin-producing hyphae. Our studies reveal that gliotoxin-the most abundantAspergillusmycotoxin-undermines the ability of phagocytes to carry out their protective functions. By targeting PtdIns(3,4,5)P3signaling and downregulating phagocytic immune defenses, the toxin could also exacerbate polymicrobial infections. Notably, we were able to reverse gliotoxin toxicity by addition of diacylglycerol analogues, which may provide the basis for therapeutic interventions.

Dataset Information

Methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate suppresses inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages and blocks macrophage-adipocyte interaction.

Publications

Methyl 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamate suppresses inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages and blocks macrophage-adipocyte interaction.

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