Assessment of Accelerometer-Based Physical Activity During the 2017-2018 California Wildfire Seasons
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Rosenthal D
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7527871 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Sep
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:BackgroundHere, we genetically and antigenically analyzed influenza B viruses (IBVs) isolated in Japan during the 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 influenza seasons.MethodsA total of 68 IBVs (61 B/Yamagata/16/88-like [B/Yamagata]-lineage and 7 B/Victoria/2/87-like [B/Victoria]-lineage) were antigenically and genetically characterized by using hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays and phylogenetic analysis, respectively. The susceptibility of IBVs to neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors was assessed by using a fluorescence-based NA inhibition assay.ResultsAll 61 B/Yamagata-lineage isolates were genetically closely related to B/Phuket/3073/2013, the vaccine strain for these two seasons. Eleven B/Yamagata-lineage isolates tested were antigenically similar to B/Phuket/3073/2013 by the HI test. Seven B/Victoria-lineage isolates were genetically closely related to B/Texas/02/2013, the WHO-recommended vaccine strain for the 2017-2018 season; however, they were antigenically distinct from B/Texas/02/2013 with an eightfold or 16-fold difference in HI titer. Of these 7 isolates, 4 possessed a two-amino-acid deletion at positions 162 and 163 in hemagglutinin (HA) and the other 3 had a three-amino-acid deletion at positions 162-164 in HA. Importantly, the variants with the three-amino-acid deletion appeared to be antigenically different from the B/Colorado/06/2017 virus with the two-amino-acid deletion, the vaccine strain for the 2018-2019 season with a fourfold or eightfold difference in HI titer. One B/Yamagata-lineage isolate carrying a G407S mutation in its NA showed a marked reduction in susceptibility to zanamivir, peramivir, and laninamivir.ConclusionsThese results highlight the need for continued monitoring for the prevalence of the antigenic variant with the three-amino-acid deletion and the variant with reduced NA inhibitor susceptibility.
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Project description:Retrieval of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) using the Collection 5 (C005) algorithm provides large-scale (10 × 10 km) estimates that can be used to predict surface layer concentrations of particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 μm (PM2.5). However, these large-scale estimates are not suitable for identifying intraurban variability of surface PM2.5 concentrations during wildfire events when individual plumes impact populated areas. We demonstrate a method for providing high-resolution (2.5 km) kernel-smoothed estimates of AOD over California during the 2008 northern California fires. The method uses high-resolution surface reflectance ratios of the 0.66 and 2.12 μm channels, a locally derived aerosol optical model characteristic of fresh wildfire plumes, and a relaxed cloud filter. Results show that the AOD derived for the 2008 northern California fires outperformed the standard product in matching observed aerosol optical thickness at three coastal Aerosol Robotic Network sites and routinely explained more than 50% of the variance in hourly surface PM2.5 concentrations observed during the wildfires.
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Project description:We implemented subgenomic and whole-genome sequencing to support the investigation of a large hepatitis A virus outbreak among persons experiencing homelessness, users of illicit drugs, or both in California, USA, during 2017-2018. Genotyping data helped confirm case-patients, track chains of transmission, and monitor the effectiveness of public health control measures.
| S-EPMC6649344 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Regular physical activity is vital for children's health, well-being, and development. However, evidence is scant about physical activity indicators for children and youth in Ethiopia. This study aimed to assess physical activity indicators among children and youth in Ethiopia. METHODS:This study was conducted as part of the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance's "Global Matrix 3.0" which included 49 countries. Data were collected from December 2017 to April 2018. The country research team included different disciplines related to physical activity. Data were retrieved from pre-reviewed literature, government policy documents, and an expert interview panel. Data were analyzed using the ten physical activity indicators for children and youth. The grading system was done through a harmonized process and the standard grading rubric of the Global Matrix 3.0 study ((A = ? 80%, B = 60%-79%, C = 40%-59%, D = 20%-39%, F = < 20%, INC = incomplete data). RESULTS:For the overall physical activity indicator, 28% of children and youth in Ethiopia met the recommended physical activity of 60?min per day which resulted in a "D" grade. Likewise, the school and government indicator received a "D" grade. Almost 32% of schools in Ethiopia had access to infrastructures and multipurpose spaces for physical activity including outdoor play. The government policy partially existed in the non-communicable diseases agenda but had less focus on children and youth. The active play indicator scored the highest grade of "B." About 71% of children and youth were involved in active play for at least 2?h a day before, during, and after school. About 50% of children and youth were engaging in organized sport participation, and this indicator was graded a "C." Similarly, 48% of children and youth walked to and from school as a means of active transportation resulting in a "C" for this indicator. Three indicators (sedentary behavior, family and peers, and community and environment) were graded as an "F." Approximately 8% of children and youth were living in communities and environments that did not support opportunities for physical activity. Only 13% of children and youth spent less than 2?h per day in sedentary screen time. There was no adequate information to grade the physical fitness indicator. CONCLUSION:This study showed that Ethiopian's children and youth have received low grades for majority of physical activity indicators. Therefore, urgent actions should be taken by the government, policymakers, researchers, and key stakeholders to address the suggested priority areas.
| S-EPMC6937356 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundFor valid accelerometer-assessed physical activity (PA) data, several methodological aspects should be considered. We aimed to 1) visualize the applicability of absolute accelerometer cut-offs to classify PA intensity, 2) verify recommendations to measure PA over 7 days by examining inter-day variability and reactivity, 3) examine seasonal differences in PA, and 4) recommend during which 10 h day period accelerometers should be worn to capture the most PA in patients with heart failure (HEART) and healthy individuals (HEALTH).MethodsFifty-six HEART (23% female; mean age 66 ± 13 years) and 299 HEALTH (51% female; mean age 54 ± 19 years) of the COmPLETE study wore accelerometers for 14 days. Aim 1 was analyzed descriptively. Key analyses were performed using linear mixed models.ResultsThe results yielded poor applicability of absolute cut-offs. The day of the week significantly affected PA in both groups. PA-reactivity was not present in either group. A seasonal influence on PA was only found in HEALTH. Large inter-individual variability in PA timing was present.ConclusionsOur data indicated that absolute cut-offs foster inaccuracies in both populations. In HEART, Sunday and four other days included in the analyses seem sufficient to estimate PA and the consideration of seasonal differences and reactivity seems not necessary. For healthy individuals, both weekend days plus four other days should be integrated into the analyses and seasonal differences should be considered. Due to substantial inter-individual variability in PA timing, accelerometers should be worn throughout waking time. These findings may improve future PA assessment.Trial registrationThe COmPLETE study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT03986892 ).
| S-EPMC8590791 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundFollowing adoption of a Western lifestyle, China is experiencing a decline in physical activity levels, which is projected to contribute to future increases in the burden of chronic diseases.PurposeThis study aims to target public health interventions and identify personal characteristics associated with physical activity and sedentary behavior in urban Chinese adults.MethodsIn a sample of 576 men and women aged 40-74 years from Shanghai, multiple logistic regression was used to examine demographic, anthropometric, and lifestyle factors in relation to levels of physical activity and sedentary behavior assessed by Actigraph accelerometers.ResultsParticipants spent 317 minutes/day in physical activity and 509 minutes/day sedentary. In multivariate models, people aged > or =60 years were significantly less likely than those aged <50 years to engage in physical activity (OR=0.29, 95% CI=0.17, 0.49) and more likely to spend time sedentary (OR=2.77, 95% CI=1.53, 5.05). Similarly, obese individuals were less likely to be physically active (OR=0.34, 95% CI=0.17, 0.66) and they were suggestively more likely to be sedentary (OR=1.87, 95% CI=0.94, 3.71) than normal-weight individuals. Furthermore, current cigarette smokers were less physically active than those who formerly or never smoked (OR=0.47, 95% CI=0.28, 0.78).ConclusionsPhysical activity promotion programs in urban China should target older people, obese individuals, and cigarette smokers, as these population subgroups exhibited low levels of physical activity.
| S-EPMC2897243 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BACKGROUND:Studies have shown a positive correlation between higher physical activity (PA) and health benefits. However, device-based assessment of PA and sedentary time (ST) in people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) has not been deeply investigated. OBJECTIVE:Analysis and comparison of weekend and weekdays PA and ST using multiple accelerometers in people with AIS with different curvature severity compared to healthy controls. METHODS:24 participants with AIS divided into 2 groups of 12 with Cobb angles < 40° and > 40°, along with 12 age and BMI matched healthy controls. Daily PA and ST during four consecutive days were measured using four tri-axial accelerometers. Clinical functional assessment was performed using the scoliosis research society (SRS-22) questionnaire. RESULTS:The combined weekend and weekdays average daily step count was found to be 22% and 29% lower in the AIS groups with Cobb angle < 40° and > 40°, respectively, compared to the controls. The average ST was also reported to be 5% and 7% higher in the AIS groups with Cobb angle < 40° and > 40°, respectively, compared to the controls. The reported differences were significant in the AIS group with higher Cobb angle (p?0.05). No significant differences in PA or ST were reported between the AIS groups based on curvature severity. CONCLUSIONS:Decreased PA and increased ST observed in patients with AIS may have long term health implications and may play a role in the disease process. The device-based assessment of PA to understand potential benefits in clinical practice is recommended.
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Project description:We estimate area burned in southern California at mid-century (2046-2065) for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) A1B scenario. We develop both regressions and a parameterization to predict area burned in three ecoregions, and apply present-day (1981-2000) and future meteorology from the suite of general circulation models (GCMs) to these fire prediction tools. The regressions account for the impacts of both current and antecedent meteorological factors on wildfire activity and explain 40-46% of the variance in area burned during 1980-2009. The parameterization yields area burned as a function of temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity, and includes the impact of Santa Ana wind and other geographical factors on wildfires. It explains 38% of the variance in area burned over southern California as a whole, and 64% of the variance in southwestern California. The parameterization also captures the seasonality of wildfires in three ecoregions of southern California. Using the regressions, we find that area burned likely doubles in Southwestern California by midcentury, and increases by 35% in the Sierra Nevada and 10% in central western California. The parameterization suggests a likely increase of 40% in area burned in southwestern California and 50% in the Sierra Nevada by midcentury. It also predicts a longer fire season in southwestern California due to warmer and drier conditions on Santa Ana days in November. Our method provides robust estimates of area burned at midcentury, a key metric which can be used to calculate the fire-related effects on air quality, human health, and the associated costs.
| S-EPMC4204739 | biostudies-literature
Project description:PurposePhysical activity (PA) intensity is expressed as either absolute or relative intensity. Absolute intensity refers to the energy required to perform an activity. Relative intensity refers to a level of effort that takes into account how hard an individual is working relative to their maximum capacity. We sought to develop methods for obtaining individualized relative-intensity accelerometer cut points using data from a maximal graded exercise treadmill test (GXT) so that each individual has their own cut point.MethodsA total of 2363 men and women 38 to 50 yr old from the CARDIA fitness study wore ActiGraph 7164 accelerometers during a maximal GXT and for seven consecutive days in 2005-2006. Using mixed-effects regression models, we regressed accelerometer counts on heart rate as a percentage of maximum (%HRmax) and on RPE. Based on these two models, we obtained a moderate-intensity (%HRmax = 64% or RPE = 12) count cut point that is specific to each participant. We applied these subject-specific cut points to the available CARDIA accelerometer data.ResultsUsing RPE, the mean moderate-intensity accelerometer cut point was 4004 (SD = 1120) counts per minute. On average, cut points were higher for men (4189 counts per minute) versus women (3865 counts per minute) and were higher for Whites (4088 counts per minute) versus African Americans (3896 counts per minute). Cut points were correlated with body mass index (rho = -0.11) and GXT duration (rho = 0.33). Mean daily minutes of absolute- and relative-intensity moderate to vigorous PA were 34.1 (SD = 31.1) min·d and 9.1 (SD = 18.2) min·d, respectively. RPE cut points were higher than those based on %HRmax. This is likely due to some participants ending the GXT before achieving their HRmax.ConclusionsAccelerometer-based relative-intensity PA may be a useful measure of intensity relative to maximal capacity.
| S-EPMC6962549 | biostudies-literature