Age and environment-related differences in gait in healthy adults using wearables.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Czech MD
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7528045 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Age and sex can influence brain iron levels. We studied the influence of these variables on deep gray matter magnetic susceptibilities. In 183 healthy volunteers (44.7 ± 14.2 years, range 20-69, ? 49%), in vivo quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) at 1.5T was performed to estimate brain iron accumulation in the following regions of interest (ROIs): caudate nucleus (Cd), putamen (Pt), globus pallidus (Gp), thalamus (Th), pulvinar (Pul), red nucleus (Rn), substantia nigra (Sn) and the cerebellar dentate nuclei (Dn). We gauged the influence of age and sex on magnetic susceptibility by specifying a series of structural equation models. The distributions of susceptibility varied in degree across the structures, conforming to histologic findings (Hallgren and Sourander, 1958), with the highest degree of susceptibility in the Gp and the lowest in the Th. Iron increase correlated across several ROIs, which may reflect an underlying age-related process. Advanced age was associated with a particularly strong linear rise of susceptibility in the striatum. Nonlinear age trends were found in the Rn, where they were the most pronounced, followed by the Pul and Sn, while minimal nonlinear trends were observed for the Pt, Th, and Dn. Moreover, sex related variations were observed, so that women showed lower levels of susceptibility in the Sn after accounting for age. Regional susceptibility of the Pul increased linearly with age in men but exhibited a nonlinear association with age in women with a leveling off starting from midlife. Women expected to be post menopause (+51 years) showed lower total magnetic susceptibility in the subcortical gray matter. The current report not only is consistent with previous reports of age related variations of brain iron, but also adds to the current knowledge by reporting age-related changes in less studied, smaller subcortical nuclei. This is the first in-vivo report to show lower total subcortical brain iron levels selectively in women from midlife, compared to men and younger women. These results encourage further assessment of sex differences in brain iron. We anticipate that age and sex are important co-factors to take into account when establishing a baseline level for differentiating pathologic neurodegeneration from healthy aging. The variations in regional susceptibility reported herein should be evaluated further using a longitudinal study design to determine within-person changes in aging.
| S-EPMC4737643 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Genome wide DNA methylation profiling of isolated monocyte samples from healthy Kenyan children, the same children during an episode of acute malaria, healthy Kenyan adults, and healthy adults from the United States. The Illumina Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip microarray was used to obtain DNA methylation profiles across approximately 860,000 CpGs in negatively selected monocyte samples. Samples included monocytes from 8 children from western Kenya obtained while healthy and matching samples from the same 8 Kenyan children obtained during an episode of acute uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria, 8 healthy malaria-immune adults from western Kenya, and 8 healthy malaria-naive adults from the US. Abstract -- Background: Age-related changes in adaptive and innate immune cells have been associated with a decline in effective immunity and chronic, low-grade inflammation. Epigenetic, transcriptional, and functional changes in monocytes occur with aging, though most studies to date have focused on differences between young adults and the elderly in populations with European ancestry; few data exist regarding changes that occur in circulating monocytes during the first few decades of life or in African populations. We analyzed DNA methylation profiles, cytokine production, and inflammatory gene expression profiles in monocytes from young adults and children from western Kenya. Results: We identified several hypo- and hyper-methylated CpG sites in monocytes from Kenyan young adults vs. children that replicated findings in the current literature of differential DNA methylation in monocytes from elderly persons vs. young adults across diverse populations. Differentially methylated CpG sites were also noted in gene regions important to inflammation and innate immune responses. Monocytes from Kenyan young adults vs. children displayed increased production of IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12p70 in response to TLR4 and TLR2/1 stimulation as well as distinct inflammatory gene expression profiles. Conclusions: These findings complement previous reports of age-related methylation changes in isolated monocytes and provide novel insights into the role of age-associated changes in innate immune functions.
2021-03-11 | GSE157611 | GEO
Project description:BackgroundAge-related changes in adaptive and innate immune cells have been associated with a decline in effective immunity and chronic, low-grade inflammation. Epigenetic, transcriptional, and functional changes in monocytes occur with aging, though most studies to date have focused on differences between young adults and the elderly in populations with European ancestry; few data exist regarding changes that occur in circulating monocytes during the first few decades of life or in African populations. We analyzed DNA methylation profiles, cytokine production, and inflammatory gene expression profiles in monocytes from young adults and children from western Kenya.ResultsWe identified several hypo- and hyper-methylated CpG sites in monocytes from Kenyan young adults vs. children that replicated findings in the current literature of differential DNA methylation in monocytes from elderly persons vs. young adults across diverse populations. Differentially methylated CpG sites were also noted in gene regions important to inflammation and innate immune responses. Monocytes from Kenyan young adults vs. children displayed increased production of IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12p70 in response to TLR4 and TLR2/1 stimulation as well as distinct inflammatory gene expression profiles.ConclusionsThese findings complement previous reports of age-related methylation changes in isolated monocytes and provide novel insights into the role of age-associated changes in innate immune functions.
| S-EPMC7938546 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe objective kinematic assessments of activities of daily living are desired. However, the limited knowledge regarding age- and sex-related differences prevents the adaptation of these measurements to clinical settings and in-home exercises. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of age and sex on joint and endpoint kinematics during a common activity of daily living, specifically, drinking from a glass.MethodsIn total, 32 healthy adults (18 males and 14 females) aged 22-77 years performed a drinking task comprising reaching for a glass, bringing it forward and sipping, returning it, and placing the hand back to the starting position, which was recorded using a three-dimensional motion-capturing system. A two-way analysis of variance was used to statistically compare joint angles at five different time points and endpoint kinematic variables in the four drinking phases between older and younger age groups and sexes.ResultsWrist radial deviation was greater in older adults than in younger participants at all five different time points (F = 5.16-7.34, p ≤ 0.03, η2 = 0.14-0.21). Moreover, lesser shoulder abduction and greater shoulder internal rotation and forearm pronation when moving and returning the hand to the starting position were observed in the female group than in the male group (F = 4.21-20.03, p ≤ 0.0497, η2 = 0.13-0.41). Trunk flexion was lower in the female group than in the male group at all time points (F = 4.25-7.13, p ≤ 0.0485, η2 = 0.12-0.19). Regarding endpoint kinematics, the performance time in the reaching phase was longer in older adults than in younger individuals (F = 4.96, p = 0.03, η2 = 0.14). Furthermore, a shorter time while returning the hand to the starting position was observed in the female group than in the male group (F = 9.55, p < 0.01, η2 = 0.22).ConclusionsThe joint kinematics of drinking were partially characterized by an age effect, whereas endpoint kinematics were scattered in all drinking phases. Sex-related effects in most upper-body motions and postures may cause rapid motions in females. Therefore, clinicians could use this knowledge for precise assessments and to suggest feasible in-home exercises.
| S-EPMC10740664 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Gait variability observed in step duration is predictive of impending adverse health outcomes among apparently healthy older adults and could potentially be evaluated using wearable sensors (inertial measurement units, IMU). The purpose of the present study was to establish the reliability and concurrent validity of gait variability and complexity evaluated with a waist and an ankle-worn IMU. Seventeen women (age 74.8 (SD 44) years) and 10 men (73.7 (4.1) years) attended two laboratory measurement sessions a week apart. Their stride duration variability was concurrently evaluated based on a continuous 3 min walk using a force plate and a waist- and an ankle-worn IMU. Their gait complexity (multiscale sample entropy) was evaluated from the waist-worn IMU. The force plate indicated excellent stride duration variability reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient, ICC = 0.90), whereas fair to good reliability (ICC = 0.47 to 0.66) was observed from the IMUs. The IMUs exhibited poor to excellent concurrent validity in stride duration variability compared to the force plate (ICC = 0.22 to 0.93). A good to excellent reliability was observed for gait complexity in most coarseness scales (ICC = 0.60 to 0.82). A reasonable congruence with the force plate-measured stride duration variability was observed on many coarseness scales (correlation coefficient = 0.38 to 0.83). In conclusion, waist-worn IMU entropy estimates may provide a feasible indicator of gait variability among community-dwelling ambulatory older adults.
| S-EPMC7287584 | biostudies-literature
Project description:To identify potential differences between age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients and controls in fall-relevant gait characteristics.Spatiotemporal gait characteristics using the GAITRite walkway were collected from 29 AMD patients and 20 controls, aged 60 to 90 years, at the Wilmer Eye Institute. Multiple linear regressions, controlling for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and comorbidities were used to assess associations between gait characteristics and AMD.Study participants were predominantly white (86%) and female (55%). Mean age of the full study population was 73.51 (SD: 8.14) years, and mean BMI was 27.80 (SD: 5.44) kg/m2. Median better-eye acuity (logMAR) was 0.23 (interquartile range [IQR] = 0.18, 0.36) and -0.02 (IQR = -0.08, 0.02), while median binocular log contrast sensitivity was 1.44 (IQR = 1.32, 1.56) and 1.76 (IQR = 1.76, 1.80) for the AMD and control groups, respectively. In multivariable regression models, AMD patients had significantly slower walking speeds (β = -0.118 m/sec [95% confidence interval (CI): -0.229, -0.007], P = 0.038) and stride velocities (β = -0.119 m/sec [95% CI: -0.232, -0.007], P = 0.038), and greater double support time (β = 3.381% of the walk cycle, 95% CI = 1.006, 5.757, P = 0.006) than controls. There were no group differences in base of support, step length, stride length, or gait variability measures.AMD patients exhibited many fall-relevant gait characteristics.The finding of fall-relevant gait characteristics suggests that AMD patients may be at a greater risk of falls during ambulation than those without AMD.
| S-EPMC5539799 | biostudies-other
Project description:OBJECTIVE:Quantification of gait with wearable technology is promising; recent cross-sectional studies showed that gait characteristics are potential prodromal markers for Parkinson disease (PD). The aim of this longitudinal prospective observational study was to establish gait impairments and trajectories in the prodromal phase of PD, identifying which gait characteristics are potentially early diagnostic markers of PD. METHODS:The 696 healthy controls (mean age = 63?±?7 years) recruited in the Tubingen Evaluation of Risk Factors for Early Detection of Neurodegeneration study were included. Assessments were performed longitudinally 4 times at 2-year intervals, and people who converted to PD were identified. Participants were asked to walk at different speeds under single and dual tasking, with a wearable device placed on the lower back; 14 validated clinically relevant gait characteristics were quantified. Cox regression was used to examine whether gait at first visit could predict time to PD conversion after controlling for age and sex. Random effects linear mixed models (RELMs) were used to establish longitudinal trajectories of gait and model the latency between impaired gait and PD diagnosis. RESULTS:Sixteen participants were diagnosed with PD on average 4.5 years after first visit (converters; PDC). Higher step time variability and asymmetry of all gait characteristics were associated with a shorter time to PD diagnosis. RELMs indicated that gait (lower pace) deviates from that of non-PDC approximately 4 years prior to diagnosis. INTERPRETATION:Together with other prodromal markers, quantitative gait characteristics can play an important role in identifying prodromal PD and progression within this phase. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:357-367.
| S-EPMC6899833 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Human blood plasma is a complex which communicates with most parts of the body and reflects changes in the state of the organism, therefore identifying age-related biomarkers can help to predict and monitor age-related physiological decline and diseases, as well as to find new treatments for diseases. In this study, TMT-LC-MS/MS was utilized to screen for the differentially expressed plasma proteins in 118 healthy adults with different ages. Participants were divided into three groups: 21-30 (Young), 41-50 (Middle) and ≥60 (Old), the number of differentially expressed proteins when Young vs Middle, Middle vs Old and Young vs Old were 82, 22 and 99, respectively. These proteins were found to be involved in numerous physiological processes such as “negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation” and “blood coagulation”. Meanwhile when Young vs Middle or Old, “Complement and coagulation cascades” was confirmed the top enriched pathway by KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Functional phenotyping of the proteome demonstrated that the plasma proteomic profiles of Young adults were strikingly dissimilar to the Middle or Old adults. The results of this study mapped the variation in expression of plasma proteins, and provided information about possible biomarkers/treatments for different kinds of age-related function disorders.
2020-10-19 | PXD016199 | Pride
Project description:APOE-ε4 is a main genetic risk factor for developing late onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) and is thought to interact adversely with other risk factors on the brain. However, evidence regarding the impact of APOE-ε4 on grey matter structure in asymptomatic individuals remains mixed. Much attention has been devoted to characterising APOE-ε4-related changes in the hippocampus, but LOAD pathology is known to spread through the whole of the Papez circuit including the limbic thalamus. Here, we tested the impact of APOE-ε4 and two other risk factors, a family history of dementia and obesity, on grey matter macro- and microstructure across the whole brain in 165 asymptomatic individuals (38-71 years). Microstructural properties of apparent neurite density and dispersion, free water, myelin and cell metabolism were assessed with Neurite Orientation Density and Dispersion (NODDI) and quantitative magnetization transfer (qMT) imaging. APOE-ε4 carriers relative to non-carriers had a lower macromolecular proton fraction (MPF) in the left thalamus. No risk effects were present for cortical thickness, subcortical volume, or NODDI indices. Reduced thalamic MPF may reflect inflammation-related tissue swelling and/or myelin loss in APOE-ε4. Future prospective studies should investigate the sensitivity and specificity of qMT-based MPF as a non-invasive biomarker for LOAD risk.
| S-EPMC7666117 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundThe impacts of age and sex on brain structures related to cognitive function may be important for understanding the role of aging in Alzheimer disease for both sexes. We intended to investigate the age and sex differences of cortical morphology in middle-aged and older adults and their relationships with the decline of cognitive function.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we examined the cortical morphology in 204 healthy middle-aged and older adult participants aged 45 to 89 years using structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) data from the Dallas Lifespan Brain Study data set. Brain cortical thickness, surface complexity, and gyrification index were analyzed through a completely automated surface-based morphometric analysis using the CAT12 toolbox. Furthermore, we explored the correlation between cortical morphology differences and test scores for processing speed and working memory.ResultsThere were no significant interactions of age and sex with cortical thickness, fractal dimension, or gyrification index. Rather, we found that both males and females showed age-related decreases in cortical thickness, fractal dimension, and gyrification index. There were significant sex differences in the fractal dimension in middle-aged participants and the gyrification index in older adult participants. In addition, there were significant positive correlations between the cortical thickness of the right superior frontal gyrus and Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)-III Letter-Number Sequencing test scores in males (r=0.394; P<0.001; 95% CI for r values 0.216-0.577) and females (r=0.344; P<0.001; 95% CI for r values 0.197-0.491), respectively. Furthermore, a significant relationship between the gyrification index of the right supramarginal gyrus (SupraMG) and WAIS-III Digit Symbol test scores was observed in older adult participants (r=0.375; P<0.001; 95% CI for r values 0.203-0.522).ConclusionsThe results suggest that, compared with males, females have more extensive differences in cortical morphology. The gyrification index of the right SupraMG can be used as an imaging marker of sexual cognitive differences between males and females in older adults. This study helps to further understand sex differences in the aging of the brain and cognition.
| S-EPMC9929420 | biostudies-literature