Meet Your Stress Management Professionals: The Endocannabinoids.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: deRoon-Cassini TA
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7530069 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The endocannabinoid (eCB) system has been implicated in a variety of physiological functions due to abundant expression of its receptors and endogenous ligands in the central nervous system. Substantial progress has been made in understanding how the eCB system influences the brain norepinephrine (NE) system, an important neurochemical target in the continued development of new therapies for stress-induced psychiatric disorders. We, and others, have characterized the neuroanatomical, biochemical and pharmacological effects of cannabinoid receptor modulation on brain noradrenergic circuitry and defined how molecular elements of the eCB system are positioned to directly impact the locus coeruleus (LC)-prefrontal cortex pathway, a neural circuit well recognized for contributing to symptoms of hyperarousal, a key pathophysiological feature of stress-related disorders. We also described molecular and electrophysiological properties of LC noradrenergic neurons and NE release in the medial prefrontal cortex under conditions of cannabinoid type 1 receptor deletion. Finally, we identified how stress influences cannabinoid modulation of the coeruleo-cortical pathway. A number of significant findings emerged from these studies that will be summarized in the present review and have important implications for clinical studies targeting the eCB system in the treatment of stress-induced psychiatric disorders.
| S-EPMC6582240 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Emerging evidence points to the role of the endocannabinoid system in long-term stress-induced neural remodeling with studies on stress-induced endocannabinoid dysregulation focusing on cerebral changes that are temporally proximal to stressors. Little is known about temporally distal and sex-specific effects, especially in cerebellum, which is vulnerable to early developmental stress and is dense with cannabinoid receptors. Following limited bedding at postnatal days 2-9, adult (postnatal day 70) cerebellar and hippocampal endocannabinoids, related lipids, and mRNA were assessed, and behavioral performance evaluated. Regional and sex-specific effects were present at baseline and following early-life stress. Limited bedding impaired peripherally-measured basal corticosterone in adult males only. In the CNS, early-life stress (1) decreased 2-arachidonoyl glycerol and arachidonic acid in the cerebellar interpositus nucleus in males only; (2) decreased 2-arachidonoyl glycerol in females only in cerebellar Crus I; and (3) increased dorsal hippocampus prostaglandins in males only. Cerebellar interpositus transcriptomics revealed substantial sex effects, with minimal stress effects. Stress did impair novel object recognition in both sexes and social preference in females. Accordingly, the cerebellar endocannabinoid system exhibits robust sex-specific differences, malleable through early-life stress, suggesting the role of endocannabinoids and stress to sexual differentiation of the brain and cerebellar-related dysfunctions.
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Project description:Trauma exposure can precipitate acute stress (AS) and cardiovascular disorders (CVD). Identifying AS-related physiologic changes that affect CVD risk could inform development of early CVD prevention strategies. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and stress-related cardiovascular function. We examine stress-related ECS activity and its association with cardiovascular biochemistry/function after AS.Rodents (n = 8-16/group) were exposed to predator odor or saline; elevated plus maze, blood pressure, serum and cardiac ECS markers, and lipid metabolism were assessed 24 hours and 2 weeks postexposure.At 24 hours, the predator odor group demonstrated anxiety-like behavior and had a) elevated serum markers of cardiac failure/damage (brain natriuretic peptide: 275.1 versus 234.6, p = .007; troponin I: 1.50 versus 0.78, p = .076), lipogenesis (triacylglycerols: 123.5 versus 85.93, p = .018), and inflammation (stearoyl delta-9 desaturase activity: 0.21 versus 0.07, p < .001); b) decreased cardiac 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (29.90 versus 65.95, p < .001), oleoylethanolamide (114.3 versus 125.4, p = .047), and palmitoylethanolamide (72.96 versus 82.87, p = .008); and c) increased cardiac inflammation (interleukin [IL]-1?/IL-6 ratio: 19.79 versus 13.57, p = .038; tumor necrosis factor ?/IL-6 ratio: 1.73 versus 1.03, p = .019) and oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances: 7.81 versus 7.05, p = .022), which were associated with cardiac steatosis (higher triacylglycerol: 1.09 versus 0.72, p < .001). Cardiac lipogenesis persisted, and elevated blood pressure emerged 2 weeks postexposure.Acute psychological stress elicits ECS-related cardiac responses associated with persistent, potentially pathological changes in rat cardiovascular biochemistry/function.
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Project description:We investigated the interaction of Salmonella Typhimurium with Embryonic stem cell derived Dendritic Cells (ESDCs) as a new model to study host-pathogen interaction.
2013-04-01 | E-MTAB-1392 | biostudies-arrayexpress
Project description:The endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachydonoylglycerol (2-AG) are lipids naturally derived from membrane precursors which bind cannabinoid receptors (CB1, CB2). This endocannabinoid system is disturbed in schizophrenia. Indeed, there seems to be an association between schizophrenia and polymorphisms of the CB1 receptor gene. Moreover, CB1 receptors are found in higher density in the prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and basal ganglia of patients with schizophrenia. Similarly, anandamide levels are increased in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and in the serum of schizophrenia patients, including during the prodromal state, suggesting that they may play a protective role in psychosis homeostasis. Future studies are needed to further explore the role of the endocannabinoid system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
| S-EPMC4034083 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) is notable for its wide geographic variation, with incidences as high as 30 in 100,000 in endemic regions but < 1 in 100,000 worldwide. This review aims to identify areas where there could be differences in prognosis, management or outcomes among countries with high or low incidence of NPC. The incidence has generally declined both in endemic and non-endemic regions throughout the years, which may be attributed to the decrease in exposure to risk factors such as early exposure to salted fish and smoking. Ethnicity has an impact both on incidence and prognosis, with Southeast Asians having the highest incidence but also better survival. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy, with or without adjuvant and/or induction chemotherapy, is the standard of care for locoregionally advanced disease, as reflected in clinical practice guidelines. Despite improvements in management, a proportion of patients relapse. Salvage treatment is associated with significant morbidity due to the critical location of the nasopharynx and the toxicities of initial therapy. Clinical expertise is paramount, but is easier to attain in endemic regions and high volume centers where enrollment of patients in clinical trials is more feasible. Collaboration between low and high incidence countries and between low and high volume facilities is key to improving NPC prognosis worldwide.
| S-EPMC6774589 | biostudies-literature
Project description:As the applications of Earth system models (ESMs) move from general climate projections toward questions of mitigation and adaptation, the inclusion of land management practices in these models becomes crucial. We carried out a survey among modeling groups to show an evolution from models able only to deal with land-cover change to more sophisticated approaches that allow also for the partial integration of land management changes. For the longer term a comprehensive land management representation can be anticipated for all major models. To guide the prioritization of implementation, we evaluate ten land management practices-forestry harvest, tree species selection, grazing and mowing harvest, crop harvest, crop species selection, irrigation, wetland drainage, fertilization, tillage, and fire-for (1) their importance on the Earth system, (2) the possibility of implementing them in state-of-the-art ESMs, and (3) availability of required input data. Matching these criteria, we identify "low-hanging fruits" for the inclusion in ESMs, such as basic implementations of crop and forestry harvest and fertilization. We also identify research requirements for specific communities to address the remaining land management practices. Data availability severely hampers modeling the most extensive land management practice, grazing and mowing harvest, and is a limiting factor for a comprehensive implementation of most other practices. Inadequate process understanding hampers even a basic assessment of crop species selection and tillage effects. The need for multiple advanced model structures will be the challenge for a comprehensive implementation of most practices but considerable synergy can be gained using the same structures for different practices. A continuous and closer collaboration of the modeling, Earth observation, and land system science communities is thus required to achieve the inclusion of land management in ESMs.
| S-EPMC6446815 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The prospects of rapid climate change and the potential existence of tipping points in marine ecosystems where nonlinear change may result from them being overstepped, raises the question of strategies for coping with ecosystem change. There is broad agreement that the combined forces of climate change, pollution and increasing economic activities necessitates more comprehensive approaches to oceans management, centering on the concept of ecosystem-based oceans management. This article addresses the Norwegian experience in introducing integrated, ecosystem-based oceans management, emphasizing how climate change, seen as a major long-term driver of change in ecosystems, is addressed in management plans. Understanding the direct effects of climate variability and change on ecosystems and indirect effects on human activities is essential for adaptive planning to be useful in the long-term management of the marine environment.
| S-EPMC3357825 | biostudies-other
Project description:Endocannabinoids, particularly anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), are instrumental in regulating energy homeostasis and stress response. However, little is known about the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in ruminants, although EC could improve dairy health and productivity, at least by increasing feed intake. In this study, we report if intraperitoneal (i.p.) AEA and 2-AG administration affects feed intake, whole-body macronutrient metabolism, isolation and restraint stress, and whether diet composition modulates circulating endocannabinoid concentrations in cows. Twenty Simmental cows in late lactation were fed a grass silage and a corn silage based diet. On each diet, cows received daily i.p. injections with either AEA (5 µg/kg; n = 7), 2-AG (2.5 µg/kg; n = 6) or saline (n = 7) for 8 days. Endocannabinoid administration for 5 days under free-ranging (non-stressed) conditions had no effect on feed intake or energy balance, but attenuated the stress-induced suppression of feed intake when housing changed to individual tie-stalls without social or tactile interaction. Endocannabinoids increased whole-body carbohydrate oxidation, reduced fat oxidation, and affected plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations and fatty acid contents of total lipids. There was no effect of endocannabinoids on plasma triglyceride concentrations or hepatic lipogenesis. Plasma AEA concentrations were not affected by diet, however, plasma 2-AG concentrations tended to be lower on the corn silage based diet. In conclusion, endocannabinoids attenuate stress-induced hypophagia, increase short-term feed intake and whole-body carbohydrate oxidation and decrease whole-body fat oxidation in cows.
| S-EPMC8655048 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Endocannabinoids are blood borne and may also be secreted by the endothelium. Accordingly, there has been interest in the interactions between (endo)cannabinoids and blood cells. There is certainly evidence that (endo)cannabinoids may promote platelet activation, indicating that they may be thrombogenic. Platelets are involved both in the metabolism and release of endocannabinoids, and so it is possible that their circulating levels may be regulated by platelets. This process is altered in disease states such that platelet-derived endocannabinoids contribute towards hypotension in cardiovascular shock. Not only may endocannabinoids regulate platelet function and possibly lead to thrombogenesis, but they may also influence haematopoiesis. Given these emerging roles, the aim of this review is to examine the interactions between cannabinoids and blood.
| S-EPMC2190025 | biostudies-other