Evening types have social jet lag and metabolic alterations in school-age children.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Martinez-Lozano N
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7541646 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Importance:Inadequate sleep duration and quality increase the risk of obesity. Sleep timing, while less studied, is important in adolescents because increasing evening preferences (chronotypes), early school start times, and irregular sleep schedules may cause circadian misalignment. Objective:To investigate associations of chronotype and social jet lag with adiposity and cardiometabolic risk in young adolescents. Design, Setting, and Participants:Starting in 1999, Project Viva recruited pregnant women from eastern Massachusetts. Mother-child in-person visits occurred throughout childhood. From January 23, 2012, to October 16, 2016, 804 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years completed 5 days or more of wrist actigraphy, questionnaires, and anthropometric measurements. A cross-sectional analysis using these data was conducted from April 31, 2018, to May 1, 2019. Exposures:Chronotype, measured via a continuous scale with higher scores indicating greater evening preferences, and social jet lag, measured as the continuous difference in actigraphy sleep midpoint in hours from midnight on weekends vs weekdays, with higher values representing more delayed sleep timing on weekends. Main Outcomes and Measures:Adiposity, measured via anthropometry and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. For a subset of 479 adolescents with blood samples, cardiometabolic risk scores were computed as the mean of 5 sex- and cohort-specific z scores for waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, inversely scaled high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and log-transformed triglycerides and homeostatic model of insulin resistance. Results:Among the 804 adolescents in the study, 418 were girls and 386 were boys, with a mean (SD) age of 13.2 (0.9) years. In multivariable models adjusted for age, puberty, season, and sociodemographics, associations of chronotype and social jet lag with adiposity varied by sex. For girls, greater evening preference was associated with a 0.58-cm (95% CI, 0.12-1.03 cm; P?=?.04 for interaction) higher waist circumference and 0.16 kg/m2 (95% CI, 0.01-0.31 kg/m2; P?=?.03 for interaction) higher fat mass index as measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry; each hour of social jet lag was associated with a 1.19-cm (95% CI, 0.04-2.35 cm; P?=?.21 for interaction) higher waist circumference and 0.45 kg/m2 (95% CI, 0.09-0.82 kg/m2; P?=?.01 for interaction) higher fat mass index as measured by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Associations of social jet lag and evening chronotypes persisted for many measures of adiposity after adjustment for sleep duration and other lifestyle behaviors. By contrast, no associations were observed in boys. There were no associations with the cardiometabolic risk score for either sex, although statistical power was low for this outcome. Conclusions and Relevance:Evening chronotypes and social jet lag were associated with greater adiposity in adolescent girls but not adolescent boys. Interventions aimed at improving sleep schedules may be useful for obesity prevention, especially in girls.
| S-EPMC6749538 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Converging data suggest recovery from injury in the preterm brain. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test the hypothesis that cerebral connectivity involving Wernicke's area and other important cortical language regions would differ between preterm (PT) and term (T) control school age children during performance of an auditory language task. Fifty-four PT children (600-1250 g birth weight) and 24 T controls were evaluated using an fMRI passive language task and neurodevelopmental assessments including: the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children - III (WISC-III), the Peabody Individual Achievement Test - Revised (PIAT-R) and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - Revised (PPVT-R) at 8 years of age. Neural activity was assessed for language processing and the data were evaluated for connectivity and correlations to cognitive outcomes. We found that PT subjects scored significantly lower on all components of the WISC-III (p<0.009), the PIAT-R Reading Comprehension test (p=0.013), and the PPVT-R (p=0.001) compared to term subjects. Connectivity analyses revealed significantly stronger neural circuits in PT children between Wernicke's area and the right inferior frontal gyrus (R IFG, Broca's area homologue) and both the left and the right supramarginal gyri (SMG) components of the inferior parietal lobules (p</=0.02 for all). We conclude that PT subjects employ neural systems for auditory language function at school age differently than T controls; these alterations may represent a delay in maturation of neural networks or the engagement of alternate circuits for language processing.
| S-EPMC2775072 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The preference of the sleep/wake cycle can be grouped into categories or chronotypes. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has been linked to poor sleep quality which correlates with disease severity. Social jet lag (SJL) is the difference between sleep timing on work and free days and is a marker for circadian misalignment which has been linked to increased inflammation. We investigated whether chronotype, SJL, sleep debt (SD), and food timing were associated with an IBD specific complications and a lower quality of life. Overall, 191 subjects (115 IBD subjects and 76 healthy controls (HC)) completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Munich ChronoType Questionnaire (MCTQ), Short Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (SIBDQ), and a structured Food Timing Questionnaire. Later chronotype (by MEQ) was associated with a worse SIBDQ (r = -0.209; P < 0.05). SJL was increased in IBD at 1.32 h ± 1.03 vs. 1.05 h ± 0.97 in HC, P < 0.05, when adjusted for age. SJL (>2 h) was present in 40% of severe/complicated Crohn's patients (fistulizing or structuring Crohn's or history of Crohn's related surgery) compared to only 16% of uncomplicated Crohn's patients (P < 0.05). Sleep debt was increased in IBD subjects compared to HC at 21.90 m ± 25.37 vs. 11.49 m ± 13.58, P < 0.05. IBD subjects with inconsistent breakfast or dinner times had lower SIBDQ scores (4.78 ± 1.28 vs. 5.49 ± 1.02, P < 0.05; 4.95 ± 0.31 vs. 5.42 ± 0.32, P < 0.05 respectively). In summary, later chronotype, and markers of circadian misalignment (social jet lag, sleep debt, and inconsistent meal timing) were associated with IBD disease specific complications and/or lower quality of life.
| S-EPMC8177729 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Travel across multiple time zones results in desynchronization of environmental time cues and the sleep-wake schedule from their normal phase relationships with the endogenous circadian system. Circadian misalignment can result in poor neurobehavioral performance, decreased sleep efficiency, and inappropriately timed physiological signals including gastrointestinal activity and hormone release. Frequent and repeated transmeridian travel is associated with long-term cognitive deficits, and rodents experimentally exposed to repeated schedule shifts have increased death rates. One approach to reduce the short-term circadian, sleep-wake, and performance problems is to use mathematical models of the circadian pacemaker to design countermeasures that rapidly shift the circadian pacemaker to align with the new schedule. In this paper, the use of mathematical models to design sleep-wake and countermeasure schedules for improved performance is demonstrated. We present an approach to designing interventions that combines an algorithm for optimal placement of countermeasures with a novel mode of schedule representation. With these methods, rapid circadian resynchrony and the resulting improvement in neurobehavioral performance can be quickly achieved even after moderate to large shifts in the sleep-wake schedule. The key schedule design inputs are endogenous circadian period length, desired sleep-wake schedule, length of intervention, background light level, and countermeasure strength. The new schedule representation facilitates schedule design, simulation studies, and experiment design and significantly decreases the amount of time to design an appropriate intervention. The method presented in this paper has direct implications for designing jet lag, shift-work, and non-24-hour schedules, including scheduling for extreme environments, such as in space, undersea, or in polar regions.
| S-EPMC2691990 | biostudies-literature
Project description:For many years now a treatment mitigating the debilitating effects of jet lag has been sought. Rapid travel across time zones leads, in most people, to temporary symptoms, in particular poor sleep, daytime alertness and poor performance. Mis-timed circadian rhythms are considered to be the main factor underlying jet-lag symptoms, together with the sleep deprivation from long haul flights. Virtually all aspects of physiology are rhythmic, from cells to systems, and circadian rhythms are coordinated by a central pacemaker or clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus. The SCN adapts slowly to changes in time zone, and peripheral clocks or oscillators adapt at different rates, such that the organism is in a state of desynchrony from the external environment and internally. Light exposure is the main factor controlling the circadian system and needs to be considered together with any pharmacological interventions. This review covers the relatively new chronobiotic drugs, which can hasten adaptation of the circadian system, together with drugs directly affecting alertness and sleep propensity. No current treatment can instantly shift circadian phase to a new time zone; however, adaptation can be hastened. The melatoninergic drugs are promising but larger trials in real-life situations are needed. For short stopovers it is recommended to preserve sleep and alertness without necessarily modifying the circadian system. New research suggests that modification of clock function via genetic manipulation may one day have clinical applications.
| S-EPMC6182450 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Laboratory studies have demonstrated that circadian clocks align physiology and behavior to 24-h environmental cycles. Examination of athletic performance has been used to discern the functions of these clocks in humans outside of controlled settings. Here, we examined the effects of jet lag, that is, travel that shifts the alignment of 24-h environmental cycles relative to the endogenous circadian clock, on specific performance metrics in Major League Baseball. Accounting for potential differences in home and away performance, travel direction, and team confounding variables, we observed that jet-lag effects were largely evident after eastward travel with very limited effects after westward travel, consistent with the >24-h period length of the human circadian clock. Surprisingly, we found that jet lag impaired major parameters of home-team offensive performance, for example, slugging percentage, but did not similarly affect away-team offensive performance. On the other hand, jet lag impacted both home and away defensive performance. Remarkably, the vast majority of these effects for both home and away teams could be explained by a single measure, home runs allowed. Rather than uniform effects, these results reveal surprisingly specific effects of circadian misalignment on athletic performance under natural conditions.
| S-EPMC5307448 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Understanding entrainment of circadian rhythms is a central goal of chronobiology. Many factors, such as period, amplitude, Zeitgeber strength, and daylength, govern entrainment ranges and phases of entrainment. We have tested whether simple amplitude-phase models can provide insight into the control of entrainment phases. Using global optimization, we derived conceptual models with just three free parameters (period, amplitude, and relaxation rate) that reproduce known phenotypic features of vertebrate clocks: phase response curves (PRCs) with relatively small phase shifts, fast re-entrainment after jet lag, and seasonal variability to track light onset or offset. Since optimization found multiple sets of model parameters, we could study this model ensemble to gain insight into the underlying design principles. We found complex associations between model parameters and entrainment features. Arnold onions of representative models visualize strong dependencies of entrainment on periods, relative Zeitgeber strength, and photoperiods. Our results support the use of oscillator theory as a framework for understanding the entrainment of circadian clocks.
| S-EPMC7199094 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The circadian clock maintains our health by controlling physiological functions. Social jet lag is one factor that can disrupt the body clock. This is caused by the difference in sleeping hours between weekdays when we live according to social time and holidays when we live according to our body clock. The body clock can be altered by exercise, nutrition, and stress, and several studies have reported that these factors can be used to improve a disturbed body clock. Here we focused on exercise and examined whether continuous wheel-running could improve the disordered body clock in a mouse model that mimics social jet lag. The results showed that the wheel-running exercise group showed faster synchronization of the onset of activities on weekdays which had been delayed by social jet lag and the results were even more pronounced in the high-fat diet feeding condition. Also, when the expression rhythms of the clock genes were examined, they experienced a sudden time shift in the advance light condition or social jet lag condition, it was found that the wheel-running group had a higher ability to adapt to the advance direction. Thus, it is possible that the effective inclusion of exercise in human, especially those who eat high-fat foods, life can improve the disordered body clock in terms of social jet lag.
| S-EPMC8890682 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundEvidence suggests that circadian rhythm disorder is associated with a variety of gastrointestinal diseases, and the circadian rhythm plays a key role in maintaining the homeostasis of intestinal flora. The underlying mechanisms are still not completely identified. This study was aimed to explore whether jet lag-caused circadian disruption influences gut microbiome and its metabolites.MethodsMice were synchronized with 12-h light/dark cycles (control group) or subjected to daily 8-h advance of the light/dark cycle for every 3 days (jet-lagged group). Four months later, fecal samples and jejunal contents were collected and analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. In addition, fecal samples were subjected to metabolome analysis with ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS).ResultsThe results of 16s rRNA sequencing showed that chronic jet lag led to decreased microbial abundance, richness, and diversity in both feces and jejunal contents. ANOSIM analysis revealed significant difference between control and jet-lagged groups. As the colonic microbiome, the abundance of Bacteroidetes phylum was significantly decreased and that of Actinobacteria phylum was increased in jet-lagged mice. Jet lag increased the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, an indicator for the imbalance of gut microbiota. Metabolome analysis of fecal samples showed that the levels of tryptophan and its derivatives were decreased in jet-lagged mice. In addition, fecal levels of secondary bile acids changed under jet lag conditions. Correlation analysis identified associations between tryptophan (and its derivatives) levels and colonic microbiota.ConclusionsThis study presents a comprehensive landscape of gut microbiota and its metabolites in mice subjected to chronic jet lag. The results suggest that circadian disruption may lead to changes in fecal and jejunal microbiota and fecal metabolites. Moreover, our results demonstrate a novel interplay between the gut microbiome and metabolome.
| S-EPMC8204051 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Shift work is known to be associated with an increased risk of neurological and psychiatric diseases, but how it contributes to the development of these diseases remains unclear. Chronic jet lag (CJL) induced by shifting light-dark cycles repeatedly is a commonly used protocol to mimic the environmental light/dark changes encountered by shift workers. Here we subjected wildtype mice to CJL and performed positron emission tomography imaging of glucose metabolism to monitor brain activities. We also conducted RNA sequencing using prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens tissues from these animals, which are brain regions strongly implicated in the pathology of various neurological and psychiatric conditions. Our results reveal the alterations of brain activities and systematic reprogramming of gene expression in brain tissues under CJL, building hypothesis for how CJL increases the susceptibility to neurological and psychiatric diseases.
| S-EPMC7578042 | biostudies-literature