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Risk Factors of Leishmania Infection among HIV-Infected Patients in Trang Province, Southern Thailand: A Study on Three Prevalent Species.

ABSTRACT: There are two main species of Leishmania reported in Thailand, that is, Leishmania siamensis and Leishmania martiniquensis. Moreover, leishmaniasis cases caused by Leishmania donovani complex were also reported. There is still a lack of information concerning risk factors of Leishmania infection in Thailand. This study aimed to identify the risk factors of Leishmania infection caused by these three species among HIV-infected patients. A cross-sectional study was conducted in HIV clinic at Trang Hospital, Thailand. Nested PCR and sequencing were performed to detect Leishmania DNA in blood and saliva samples and identify Leishmania species. A standardized questionnaire was used to interview individuals. A total of 526 patients were recruited in this study. Sixty-three (12.0%) were positive for L. siamensis, 24 (4.6%) were positive for L. martiniquensis, and 23 (4.4%) were positive for L. donovani complex. Risk factors of L. siamensis infection included using intravenous drug (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 2.01, 95% CI: 1.01-4.02). Risk factors of L. martiniquensis infection included female gender (AOR 4.23, 95% CI: 1.52-11.75), using recreational drug (AOR 3.43, 95% CI: 1.00-11.74), and having comorbidities (AOR 4.94, 95% CI: 2.00-12.21). Risk factors of L. donovani complex infection included having opportunistic infection (AOR 4.22, 95% CI: 1.00-17.79), CD4 count 200-500 cells/mm³ (AOR 3.64, 95% CI: 1.14-6.86), and not using insect repellent (AOR 3.04, 95% CI: 1.08-8.58). This study identified the risk factors of Leishmania infection caused by three Leishmania species in Thailand. The data could be useful for disease prevention and control. Further studies on trends of Leishmania infection and preventive measures are recommended.

SUBMITTER: Charoensakulchai S

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7543833 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundQuery ID="Q1" Text="Graphical abstract: As per journal requirements, graphical abstract is necessary. Kindly check and provide the same."The magnitude of the health problems caused by leishmaniasis has been a major driving factor behind the development and implementation of leishmaniasis control programs by the national authorities in Iran, with a priority for health and environmental management. Such programs are not achievable unless all of the factors leading to the infection, including the parasite's life-cycle, vectors and reservoirs, are recognized. So far in Iran, humans and rodents have been considered the principal reservoirs of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major, respectively, both associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), with domestic dogs considered to be the main reservoir for Leishmania infantum, associated with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). The role of other mammals in maintaining the Leishmania parasite has remained unclear. This study aimed to investigate Leishmania infection among livestock in endemic areas of VL and CL in Fars province, southern Iran, using serological and molecular methods.MethodsBlood samples from 181 clinically healthy livestock, including 49 sheep, 114 goats, 16 cattle and two donkeys, were screened to detect Leishmania DNA and anti-Leishmania antibodies using qPCR (quantitative PCR) and the direct agglutination test (DAT), respectively. Four qPCR-positive samples were amplified using the internal transcribed spacer one (ITS1) primers in conventional PCR and sent for directional sequencing.ResultsOf the 181 livestock tested, 51 (28.2%) were infected with Leishmania, using serological and molecular methods. Anti-Leishmania antibodies were detected in 70 (38.7%) (95% confidence interval [CI]: 31.5-46.2) and Leishmania DNA in 93 (51.4%) (95% CI: 43.9-58.9) livestock. The identified Leishmania spp. were L. infantum and L. major.ConclusionsThe findings of the present study show a relatively high prevalence of Leishmania infection among livestock in endemic areas of the disease, in Fars province, southern Iran. Given the large population of this group of animals and the fact that they live in the vicinity of the main reservoirs of the disease and vectors, it seems that sand flies regularly bite these animals. Further studies are needed to determine the role of livestock in the parasite's life-cycle and the epidemiology of Leishmania infection.

Project description:BackgroundAnthropogenic waste, especially microplastics, is becoming more prevalent in the environment and marine ecosystems, where it has the potential to spread through food chains and be consumed by humans. Southeast Asian countries are home to giant freshwater prawns, a common freshwater species that is eaten around the world. Microplastic pollution in river water, sediment, and commercially significant aquatic species such as fish and mollusks has been observed, yet few studies have been conducted on giant freshwater prawns in the rivers of southern Thailand, where microplastics may contaminate prawns via the food they ingest. The purpose of this research was to investigate the accumulation of anthropogenic material in the organs of river prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii).MethodsMicroplastics in the stomachs and intestines of giant freshwater prawns were the focus of this study. Samples were digested with 30 ml of 10% potassium hydroxide (KOH), heated for 5 min at 60 °C, and then digested at room temperature. The quantity, color, and appearance of microplastics were assessed using a stereomicroscope after 12 h. Furthermore, polymers were examined using a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR). Microplastic counts were compared between sexes. A T-test was used to compare male and female microplastic counts in the stomach and intestine, and the Pearson correlation was used to compare the association between microplastic counts in the stomach and intestine and carapace length (CL), length of abdomen (LA), and body weight (BW) of male and female giant freshwater prawns. The threshold of significance was fixed at p < 0.05.ResultsBased on the study results, a total of 370 pieces of anthropogenic debris were discovered in the stomachs and intestines of both female and male prawns. The average number of microplastics per individual was 4.87 ± 0.72 in female stomachs and 3.03 ± 0.58 in male stomachs, and 1.73 ± 0.36 in female intestines and 2.70 ± 0.57 in male intestines. The majority of microplastics found in females were within the <100 µm range, while males contained microplastics in the range of 100-500 µm. Both male and female prawns contained fibers (72.70%) and fragments (27.30%). Various polymers were identified, including cotton, rayon, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). The study also explored the relationship between carapace length, length of abdomen, body weight, stomach weight, and the number of microplastics. The findings reveal a significant association between the number of microplastics and stomach weight in male prawns (R = 0.495; p = 0.005). These findings provide alarming evidence of anthropogenic debris ingestion in prawns and raise concerns about the future effects of anthropogenic pollution on giant freshwater prawns.

Project description:BackgroundOpportunistic infections represent a serious health problem for HIV-infected people. Among enteric infections, cryptosporidiosis, a severe and life-threatening diarrheal disease, is of particular importance in low economic settings where access to anti-retroviral therapy is limited. Understanding transmission routes is crucial in establishing preventive measures, and requires the use of informative genotyping methods. In this study, we performed a retrospective analysis of Cryptosporidium species in 166 stool samples collected from 155 HIV-infected patients during 1999-2004 at the Siriraj Hospital in Bangkok, Thailand.ResultsMicroscopic examination of stools identified 104 of the 155 patients as positive for Cryptosporidium. Other common pathogens identified were microsporidia, Isospora, Giardia, Strongyloides and Opisthorchis. All samples were tested by amplification of a fragment of the 18S rDNA locus, and sequencing showed the presence of Cryptosporidium hominis (n = 42), C. meleagridis (n = 20), C. canis (n = 12), C. felis (n = 7), C. suis (n = 6) and C. parvum (n = 5). Genotyping at the glycoprotein 60 (gp60) locus revealed substantial variability in isolates of C. hominis and C. meleagridis. Among C. hominis isolates, subtype IeA11G3T3 was the most prevalent, but allelic family Id was the more diverse with four subtypes described, two of which were identified for the first time. Among C. meleagridis isolates, seven subtypes, two of which were new, were found in the allelic family IIIb, along with new subtypes in allelic families IIIe and IIIg. In the four C. parvum isolates, subtype IIoA16G1, a rare subtype previously reported in a Swedish patient who had traveled to Thailand, was identified.ConclusionsThis study confirms the high susceptibility of HIV-infected individuals to infection with different Cryptosporidium species and subtypes, and further stresses the importance of surveillance for opportunistic intestinal protozoans.

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Risk Factors of Leishmania Infection among HIV-Infected Patients in Trang Province, Southern Thailand: A Study on Three Prevalent Species.

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