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Clinical inertia in type 2 diabetes management in a middle-income country: A retrospective cohort study.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Clinical inertia can lead to poor glycemic control among type 2 diabetes patients. However, there is paucity of information on clinical inertia in low- and middle-income countries including Malaysia. This study aimed to determine the time to treatment intensification among T2D patients with HbA1c of ?7% (?53 mmol/mol) in Malaysian public health clinics. The proportion of patients with treatment intensification and its associated factors were also determined. MATERIAL AND METHODS:This was a five-year retrospective open cohort study using secondary data from the National Diabetes Registry. The study setting was all public health clinics (n = 47) in the state of Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Time to treatment intensification was defined as the number of years from the index year until the addition of another oral antidiabetic drug or initiation of insulin. Life table survival analysis based on best-worst case scenarios was used to determine the time to treatment intensification. Discrete-time proportional hazards model was fitted for the factors associated with treatment intensification. RESULTS:The mean follow-up duration was 2.6 (SD 1.1) years. Of 7,646 patients, the median time to treatment intensification was 1.29 years (15.5 months), 1.58 years (19.0 months) and 2.32 years (27.8 months) under the best-, average- and worst-case scenarios respectively. The proportion of patients with treatment intensification was 45.4% (95% CI: 44.2-46.5), of which 34.6% occurred only after one year. Younger adults, overweight, obesity, use of antiplatelet medications and poorer HbA1c were positively associated with treatment intensification. Patients treated with more oral antidiabetics were less likely to have treatment intensification. CONCLUSION:Clinical inertia is present in the management of T2D patients in Malaysian public health clinics. We recommend further studies in lower- and middle-income countries to explore its causes so that targeted strategies can be developed to address this issue.

SUBMITTER: Wan KS

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7546487 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Clinical inertia in type 2 diabetes management in a middle-income country: A retrospective cohort study.

Wan Kim Sui KS Moy Foong Ming FM Mohd Yusof Khalijah K Mustapha Feisul Idzwan FI Mohd Ali Zainudin Z Hairi Noran Naqiah NN

PloS one 20201009 10

<h4>Background</h4>Clinical inertia can lead to poor glycemic control among type 2 diabetes patients. However, there is paucity of information on clinical inertia in low- and middle-income countries including Malaysia. This study aimed to determine the time to treatment intensification among T2D patients with HbA1c of ≥7% (≥53 mmol/mol) in Malaysian public health clinics. The proportion of patients with treatment intensification and its associated factors were also determined.<h4>Material and me ...[more]

PMID: 33035261

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Project description:Background:Clinical inertia is related to the difficulty of achieving and maintaining optimal glycemic control. It has been extensively studied the delay of the period to insulin introduction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. This study aims to evaluate clinical inertia of insulin treatment intensification in a group of T2DM patients followed at a tertiary public Diabetes Center with limited pharmacologic armamentarium (Metformin, Sulphonylurea and Human Insulin). Methods:This is a real life retrospective record based study with T2DM patients. Demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics were reviewed. Clinical inertia was considered when the patients did not achieve the individualized glycemic goals and there were no changes on insulin daily dose in the period. Results:We studied 323 T2DM patients on insulin therapy (plus Metformin and or Sulphonylurea) for a period of 2 years. The insulin daily dose did not change in the period and the glycated hemoglobin (A1c) ranged from 8.8?+?1.8% to 8.7?±?1.7% (basal vs 1st year; ns) and to 8.5?±?1.8% (basal vs 2nd year; p?=?0.035). The clinical inertia prevalence was 65.8% (basal), 61.9% (after 1 year) and 58.2% (after 2 years; basal vs 1st year vs 2nd year; ns). In a subgroup of 100 patients, we also studied the first 2 years after insulin introduction. The insulin daily dose ranged from 0.22?±?0.12 to 0.32?±?0.24 IU/kg of body weight/day (basal vs 1st year; p?<?0.001) and to 0.39?±?0.26 IU/kg of body weight/day (basal vs 2nd year; p?<?0.05). The A1c ranged from 9.6?+?2.1% to 8.6?+?2% (basal vs 1st year; p?<?0.001) and to 8.7?+?1.7% (1st year vs 2nd year; ns). The clinical inertia prevalence was 78.5% (at the moment of insulin therapy introduction), 56.2% (after 1 year; p?=?0.001) and 62.2% (after 2 years; ns). Conclusion:Clinical inertia prevalence ranged from 56.2 to 78.5% at different moments of the insulin therapy (first 2 years and long term) of T2DM patients followed at a tertiary public Diabetes Center from an upper-middle income country with limited pharmacologic armamentarium.

Project description:Rationale & objectiveTechnique failure in peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains one of the most critical challenges of this therapy and is associated with a significant increase in costs and morbidity. Our objective was to estimate the frequency of PD technique failure and identify factors associated with technique failure.Study designA retrospective multicenter observational cohort study.Setting & participantsAll adult patients initiating PD between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2015, with follow-up until December 31, 2018, at the Renal Therapy Services network in Colombia.Exposure & predictorsPD modality (continuous ambulatory PD and automated PD) and demographic and clinical characteristics.OutcomesTechnique failure, defined as a switch to hemodialysis lasting at least 30 days.Analytical approachSociodemographic and clinical characteristics of all patients were summarized descriptively according to modality. We estimated the cumulative incidence of technique failure, and a flexible parametric survival model with competing risks was used to evaluate factors associated with this outcome.ResultsAmong 6,452 patients meeting inclusion criteria, 67% were treated with continuous ambulatory PD. The cumulative incidence of technique failure within 1 year of PD initiation adjusting for competing risks was 6.9% (95% CI, 6.3%-7.6%); within 2 years, technique failure was 13.5% (95% CI, 12.6%-14.4%); and within 3 years, 19.6% (95% CI, 18.5%-20.7%). Female sex, larger center size, and higher Kt/V were associated with lower risk for modality change, whereas diabetes, history of major abdominal surgery, catheter implant technique (laparotomy and percutaneous techniques), obesity, and peritonitis were associated with a higher likelihood of technique failure.LimitationsVariables of distance to the center, use of icodextrin, and measures of outcomes reported by patients were not included.ConclusionsTechnique failure is relatively uncommon in Colombia; catheter-related problems are the most frequent cause of technique failure. Best practices in catheter insertion could minimize the risk for this outcome.

Project description:BackgroundGood-quality evidence has shown that early glycaemic, blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol control in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) leads to better outcomes. In spite of that, diseases control have been inadequate globally, and therapeutic inertia could be one of the main cause. Evidence on therapeutic inertia has been lacking at primary care setting. This retrospective cohort study aimed to determine the proportions of therapeutic inertia when treatment targets of HbA1c, blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol were not achieved in adults with T2D at three public health clinics in Malaysia.MethodsThe index prescriptions were those that when the annual blood tests were reviewed. Prescriptions of medication were verified, compared to the preceding prescriptions and classified as 1) no change, 2) stepping up and 3) stepping down. The treatment targets were HbA1c < 7.0% (53 mmol/mol), blood pressure (BP) < 140/90 mmHg and LDL-cholesterol < 2.6 mmol/L. Therapeutic inertia was defined as no change in the medication use in the present of not reaching the treatment targets. Descriptive, univariable, multivariable logistic regression and sensitive analyses were conducted.ResultsA total of 552 cohorts were available for the assessment of therapeutic inertia (78.9% completion rate). The mean (SD) age and diabetes duration were 60.0 (9.9) years and 5.0 (6.0) years, respectively. High therapeutic inertia were observed in oral anti-diabetic (61-72%), anti-hypertensive (34-65%) and lipid-lowering therapies (56-77%), and lesser in insulin (34-52%). Insulin therapeutic inertia was more likely among those with shorter diabetes duration (adjusted OR 0.9, 95% CI 0.87, 0.98). Those who did not achieve treatment targets were less likely to experience therapeutic inertia: HbA1c ≥ 7.0%: adjusted OR 0.10 (0.04, 0.24); BP ≥ 140/90 mmHg: 0.28 (0.16, 0.50); LDL-cholesterol ≥ 2.6 mmol/L: 0.37 (0.22, 0.64).ConclusionsAlthough therapeutic intensifications were more likely in the presence of non-achieved treatment targets but the proportions of therapeutic inertia were high. Possible causes of therapeutic inertia were less of the physician behaviours but might be more of patient-related non-adherence or non-availability of the oral medications. These observations require urgent identification and rectification to improve disease control, avoiding detrimental health implications and costly consequences.Trial registrationNumber NCT02730754 , April 6, 2016.

Project description:Socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with shorter adult stature. Few studies have examined socioeconomic differences in stature from birth to childhood and the mechanisms involved, particularly in middle-income former Soviet settings.The sample included 12,463 Belarusian children (73% of the original cohort) born in 1996-1997, with up to 14 stature measurements from birth to 7 years. Linear spline multi-level models with 3 knots at 3, 12 and 34 months were used to analyse birth length and growth velocity during four age-periods by parental educational achievement (up to secondary school, advanced secondary/partial university, completed university) and occupation (manual, non-manual).Girls born to the most (versus least) educated mothers were 0.43 cm (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.28, 0.58) longer at birth; for boys, the corresponding difference was 0.30 cm (95% CI: 0.15, 0.46). Similarly, children of the most educated mothers grew faster from birth-3 months and 12-34 months (p-values for trend ? 0.08), such that, by age 7 years, girls with the most (versus least) educated mothers were 1.92 cm (95% CI: 1.47, 2.36) taller; after controlling for urban/rural and East/West area of residence, this difference remained at 1.86 cm (95% CI: 1.42, 2.31), but after additionally controlling for mid-parental height, attenuated to 1.10 cm (95% CI: 0.69, 1.52). Among boys, these differences were 1.95 cm (95% CI: 1.53, 2.37), 1.89 cm (95% CI: 1.47, 2.31) and 1.16 cm (95% CI: 0.77, 1.55), respectively. Additionally controlling for breastfeeding, maternal smoking and older siblings did not substantively alter these findings. There was no evidence that the association of maternal educational attainment with growth differed in girls compared to boys (p for interaction = 0.45). Results were similar for those born to the most (versus least) educated fathers, or who had a parent with a non-manual (versus manual) occupation.In Belarus, a middle-income former Soviet country, socioeconomic differences in offspring growth commence in the pre-natal period and generate up to approximately 2 cm difference in height at age 7 years. These associations are partly explained by genetic or other factors influencing parental stature.Current Controlled Trials: NCT01352247 assigned 9 Sept 2005; ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier: NCT01561612 received 20 Mar 2012.

Dataset Information

Clinical inertia in type 2 diabetes management in a middle-income country: A retrospective cohort study.

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Clinical inertia in type 2 diabetes management in a middle-income country: A retrospective cohort study.

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