Prenatal smoking and the risk of early childhood caries: A prospective cohort study.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Akinkugbe AA
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7554205 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Dec
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Prenatal smoking and the risk of early childhood caries: A prospective cohort study.
Akinkugbe Aderonke A AA Brickhouse Tegwyn H TH Nascimento Marcelle M MM Slade Gary D GD
Preventive medicine reports 20200922
<h4>Introduction</h4>Dental caries is a chronic complex disease of multifactorial etiology that affects a quarter of U.S. children. This study evaluated the association between prenatal smoking and offspring caries experience and used a negative control exposure analysis to assess if the association is causal.<h4>Methods</h4>Data from 1429 mother-offspring participants of the 1991/92 Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children conducted in Bristol, England were analyzed. Prenatal smoking (ye ...[more]
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Project description:IntroductionDevelopment of the primary tooth bud commences at the end of the 5th week of gestation, with mineralization starting at about the 13th week and continuing throughout pregnancy to the end of the first year of life. During this critical period, exposure to maternal lifestyle factors, specifically, prenatal smoking can negatively affect the quality (i.e., tooth calcification and mineralization) and timing of tooth eruption.MethodsThis study evaluated the association between the trimester of smoking and offspring caries experience at 3 time points (31, 43, and 61 months) by analyzing data from 1,429 mother-offspring participants in the 1991/92 Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, conducted in Bristol, England. Prenatal smoking in the first, second, and third trimesters were self-reported during pregnancy while offspring caries experience was determined by clinical oral examinations. Adjusted for confounders, log-binomial regression estimated the risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the association between trimester of smoking and the risk of offspring caries.ResultsTwenty percent smoked in the first trimester of their pregnancy, 15% in the second, and 17% in the third. Forty-six percent of children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy had caries experience (i.e., dmft ≥1) with a mean dmft count of 1.58, versus children whose mothers did not smoke during pregnancy (33% of whom had dmft ≥1 with a mean dmft count of 0.33). Smoking in the first, second, and third trimesters were independently associated with a higher adjusted RR (95% CI) of caries experience at 61 months, i.e., 1.16 (0.93-1.43), 1.11 (0.75-1.65), and 1.60 (1.09-2.32), respectively.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of covariates adjusted for, with the caveat that residual confounding and bias from unmeasured covariates are likely present, our findings suggest that smoking during pregnancy may be harmful to the oral health of the offspring irrespective of the trimester during which the smoking occurred. Nevertheless, these results should be interpreted cautiously because the findings might not generalize broadly.
| S-EPMC8035257 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesEarly childhood caries (ECC) is a serious health public problem that affects a large proportion of children in China. This study aimed to assess risk factors for the incidence of ECC among Wenzhou (China) preschoolers.DesignProspective, observational cohort study.SettingKindergartens (n=6) in Wenzhou, China.Participants606 children who were 3-4 years of age and newly arrived in the kindergartens in September 2011.MethodsThis was a longitudinal observational study with a 2-year follow-up of preschoolers of 3-4 years of age in Wenzhou (Southeast China). Oral health data were collected annually after the baseline survey. The risk factors associated with visible caries and increment of decayed, missing and filled teeth (dmft) were analysed through univariable and multivariable regression using generalised estimating equations.ResultsThe prevalence of ECC was increasing during the follow-up period (59.8% at enrolment, 71.8% at first year, and 76.4% at second year). Older age (b=0.07; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.09; p<0.001), caregivers (relatives or nannies) (b=-1.20; 95% CI: -2.23 to -0.16; p=0.023), lower annual family income (¥10 000-¥20 000: b=2.04; 95% CI: 1.04 to 3.04; p<0.001; <¥10 000: b=1.78; 95% CI: 0.65 to 2.92; p=0.002) and more frequent consumption of sugary snacks/drinks at night (sometimes: b=0.88; 95% CI: 0.20 to 1.56; p=0.011; always: b=1.19; 95% CI: 0.13 to 2.25; p=0.028) were independently associated with the increments of dmft. Older age (OR=1.04, 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.05, p<0.001) and more frequent consumption of sweet snacks (OR=1.86, 95% CI: 1.06 to 3.27; p=0.030) were independently associated with a higher risk of visible caries.ConclusionsThe occurrence and severity of ECC were associated with older age, caregivers (relatives or nannies), lower annual family income and more frequent consumption of sweet snacks. It is imperative to strengthen oral health education for parents and limit sugary foods/snacks.
| S-EPMC8438756 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesTo evaluate the success rates of dental procedures, the recurrence rates of caries and changes in oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) in children following treatment for early childhood caries (ECC) under dental general anaesthesia (DGA) in Chongqing, China.DesignA single-centre prospective cohort study conducted from December 2016 to June 2017.SettingA tertiary stomatological hospital in Chongqing, China.ParticipantsA total of 159 children aged 2-5 years who received treatment for ECC under DGA were included.Main outcome measuresThe primary outcomes were the success rates of dental procedures (the number of successful procedures divided by the total number of procedures) and the recurrence rates of caries. The success and recurrence rates were evaluated by a specialised examiner. The secondary outcome was the change in children's OHRQoL after DGA treatment, which was measured with the Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS).ResultsOverall, 117 children (73.6%) and 101 children (63.5%) participated in 6-month and 12-month clinical examinations, respectively, and 151 children (95.0%) completed OHRQoL surveys pretreatment and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months post-treatment. The resin composite, stainless steel crown, indirect pulp capping, pulpectomy, space maintenance and dental sealant success rates were 89.6%, 96.3%, 96.0%, 94.4%, 76.9% and 92.9%, respectively, at 6 months and 78.8%, 95.1%, 92.2%, 88.9%, 63.6% and 89.3%, respectively, at 12 months. 10 (8.5%) and 19 children (18.8%) developed recurrent caries within 6 and 12 months, respectively. Within 1 year of treatment, the total ECOHIS scores at each post-treatment time point were still significantly lower than those at pretreatment, although they had increased slowly over time.ConclusionsOverall, high success rates were obtained for the dental procedures, and the children's OHRQoL significantly improved after treatment. However, there was a tendency towards caries relapse, and the children's OHRQoL deteriorated over time.
| S-EPMC6738709 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Early childhood caries (ECC) is major oral health problem, mainly in socially disadvantaged populations. ECC affects infants and preschool children worldwide. The prevalence of ECC differs according to the group examined, and a prevalence of up to 85% has been reported for disadvantaged groups. ECC is the presence of one or more decayed, missing, or filled primary teeth in children aged 71 months (5 years) or younger. It begins with white-spot lesions in the upper primary incisors along the margin of the gingiva. If the disease continues, caries can progress, leading to complete destruction of the crown. The main risk factors in the development of ECC can be categorized as microbiological, dietary, and environmental risk factors. Even though it is largely a preventable condition, ECC remains one of the most common childhood diseases. The major contributing factors for the for the high prevalence of ECC are improper feeding practices, familial socioeconomic background, lack of parental education, and lack of access to dental care. Oral health plays an important role in children to maintain the oral functions and is required for eating, speech development, and a positive self-image. The review will focus on the prevalence, risk factors, and preventive strategies and the management of ECC.
| S-EPMC5514393 | biostudies-other
Project description:This study tests the hypothesis that children 12-30 months born small for gestational age (SGA) aged are more susceptible to severe early childhood caries (S-ECC). We used data on 865 children aged 12-30 months from a prospective cohort study conducted in a city in the northeast of Brazil. The study outcome was S-ECC, defined based on the proportion of decayed tooth surfaces (cavitated or not). The main exposure variable was SGA, defined according to the Kramer criterion and the INTERGROWTH-21st standard. Direct (SGA → S-ECC) and indirect effects were estimated using structural equation modeling, calculating standardized factor loadings (SFL) and P-values (alpha = 5%). The final models showed a good fit. SGA influenced S-ECC in the direct and indirect paths. In the group of SGA children with 12 or more erupted teeth defined according to the Kramer criterion, the direct effect was positive (SFL = 0.163; P = 0.019); while among all SGA children defined according to the INTERGROWTH-21st standard, the direct effect was negative (SFL = - 0.711; P < 0.001). Age and number of erupted teeth may influence the occurrence of S-ECC in SGA children, as the number of teeth affects the time of exposure to disease risk factors.
| S-EPMC10474029 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundChildren exposed to social adversity carry a greater risk of poor physical and mental health into adulthood. This increased risk is thought to be due, in part, to inflammatory processes associated with early adversity that contribute to the etiology of many adult illnesses. The current study asks whether aspects of the prenatal social environment are associated with levels of inflammation in adulthood, and whether prenatal and childhood adversity both contribute to adult inflammation.MethodsWe examined associations of prenatal and childhood adversity assessed through direct interviews of participants in the Collaborative Perinatal Project between 1959 and 1974 with blood levels of C-reactive protein in 355 offspring interviewed in adulthood (mean age=42.2 years). Linear and quantile regression models were used to estimate the effects of prenatal adversity and childhood adversity on adult inflammation, adjusting for age, sex, and race and other potential confounders.ResultsIn separate linear regression models, high levels of prenatal and childhood adversity were associated with higher CRP in adulthood. When prenatal and childhood adversity were analyzed together, our results support the presence of an effect of prenatal adversity on (log) CRP level in adulthood (β=0.73, 95% CI: 0.26, 1.20) that is independent of childhood adversity and potential confounding factors including maternal health conditions reported during pregnancy. Supplemental analyses revealed similar findings using quantile regression models and logistic regression models that used a clinically-relevant CRP threshold (>3mg/L). In a fully-adjusted model that included childhood adversity, high prenatal adversity was associated with a 3-fold elevated odds (95% CI: 1.15, 8.02) of having a CRP level in adulthood that indicates high risk of cardiovascular disease.ConclusionsSocial adversity during the prenatal period is a risk factor for elevated inflammation in adulthood independent of adversities during childhood. This evidence is consistent with studies demonstrating that adverse exposures in the maternal environment during gestation have lasting effects on development of the immune system. If these results reflect causal associations, they suggest that interventions to improve the social and environmental conditions of pregnancy would promote health over the life course. It remains necessary to identify the mechanisms that link maternal conditions during pregnancy to the development of fetal immune and other systems involved in adaptation to environmental stressors.
| S-EPMC4268261 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Although many studies have discussed health risks in neonates with a low birth weight, few studies have focused on the risks in neonates with a high birth weight. The objective of this study was to determine whether differences in the incidence of dental caries in early childhood are associated with birth weight status.A total of 117,175 children born in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan from 1997 to 2007 were included in this study. Medical professionals collected information about birth records, growth and development, parental child-rearing practices and dental health at 3 months, 18 months and 3 years of age. The risk of dental caries among neonates with macrosomia (birth weight ≥4000 g) was compared with that among neonates with normal weight (2500-3999 g). Sensitivity analyses included 'large for gestational age' (LGA, birth weight above the 90th percentile for gestational age), which was relative to 'appropriate for gestational age' (birth weight between 10th and 90th percentiles). Relative risks and relative risk increases were estimated by multivariate Poisson regression.At 3 years of age, the relative risk increases for dental caries after adjusting for confounding factors were 19% [95% confidence interval (CI), 11%-28%, P < 0.001] for macrosomic neonates and 12% (95% CI, 9%-16%, P < 0.001) for LGA neonates.Macrosomia and LGA were associated with an increased risk of dental caries in early childhood. Particular attention should be paid to abnormally large neonates.
| S-EPMC4514765 | biostudies-other
Project description:ObjectiveTo determine the association between type, chronicity, and severity of childhood hardships and smoking status during pregnancy, preterm birth (PTB), and low birth weight (LBW).DesignProspective cohort study.SettingThe National Child Development Study, a nationally representative study of births in Great Britain in 1958.ParticipantsFour thousand eight-hundred sixty-five women with at least 1 singleton live birth.Main exposuresHardship during childhood, indicated by several variables, including financial/structural hardship, lack of parental interest in education, family dysfunction, violence/mental health issues, and family structure.Main outcome measuresSmoking in pregnancy, LBW, and PTB.ResultsA consistent and graded association was seen between all types of childhood hardships and smoking status during pregnancy (odds ratio [OR] for 4 or more hardships, 2.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58-2.58; P < .001 for all comparisons). Most hardships were also associated with risk of LBW and PTB, with associations between number of hardships and both outcomes persisting after controlling for smoking status and adult social class (for LBW, OR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.10-2.06; for PTB, OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.08-1.92).ConclusionChildhood hardships have an enduring impact on future pregnancy outcomes, in part through their association with smoking during pregnancy and adult socioeconomic position.
| S-EPMC3506121 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundPrevious studies have suggested that insufficient concentrations of vitamin D are associated with dental caries in primary teeth, but evidence remains inconclusive.ObjectivesWe assessed the longitudinal associations between prenatal, perinatal, and early childhood serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations [25(OH)D] and the risk of dental caries in 6-year-old children.MethodsThis research was conducted within the Generation R Study, a large, multi-ethnic, prospective cohort study located in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Dental caries were assessed in children using the decayed-missing-filled-primary teeth index at a mean age of 6.1 years (90% range, 4.8-9.1). We measured serum total 25(OH)D concentrations at 3 time points: prenatally (at 18-24 weeks of gestation), perinatally (at birth), and during early childhood (at age 6 years). We performed logistic regression analyses to determine the longitudinal association of serum 25(OH)D concentrations with caries risks in 5257 children. Additionally, we constructed a Genetic Risk Score (GRS) for the genetic predispositions to serum total 25(OH)D concentrations based on 6 vitamin D-related single nucleotide polymorphisms in a subsample of 3385 children.ResultsChildren with severe prenatal and early childhood serum 25(OH)D deficiencies (<25 nmol/L) were more likely to be diagnosed with caries [OR, 1.56 (95% CI, 1.18-2.06) and 1.58 (95% CI, 1.10-2.25), respectively] than children with optimal concentrations (≥75 nmol/L). After adjustment for residuals of serum 25(OH)D concentrations at other time points, only the early childhood serum 25(OH)D concentration was inversely associated with the caries risk at 6 years (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-0.98). However, our GRS analysis showed that children who are genetically predisposed to have lower serum 25(OH)D concentrations do not have a higher risk of developing caries in primary teeth.ConclusionsOur study suggests a weak association between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and risks of caries in primary teeth. Based on our results, we do not recommend vitamin D supplementation for the prevention of dental caries in children.
| S-EPMC8245878 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Emerging research suggests that adiponectin, a cytokine produced by adipose tissue, may be implicated in ASD. In this prospective birth cohort study (n = 847), we assessed the association between cord, early childhood plasma adiponectin and the risk of developing ASD. ASD was defined based on ICD codes of physician diagnosis. Cord adiponectin levels were inversely associated with ASD risk (aOR 0.50; 95% CI 0.33, 0.77), independent of preterm birth, early childhood adiponectin and other known ASD risk factors. Early childhood adiponectin, assessed prior to ASD diagnosis, was associated with lower risk of ASD, which attenuated after adjusting for cord adiponectin, indicating the relative importance of cord adiponectin in ASD risk. Further research is warranted to confirm our findings and elucidate biological mechanisms.
| S-EPMC6424579 | biostudies-literature