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Self-Conscious or Fear of Hurting Another's Feeling? An Experimental Investigation on Promise-Keeping.

ABSTRACT: We conducted an experimental investigation into whether the effect of non-binding verbal promises in enhancing cooperation among promisors is derived from the internalized norm mechanism or the expectation-based mechanism. We proposed a new experimental design based on the standard trust game to separate the two possible influence mechanisms of promises and assess the empirical support for these two mechanisms for the effect of promises. We also identified individuals' cooperation preferences to further investigate whether the effect of promises and its underlying mechanism differ between individuals with different preferences. The results show that promises significantly improve promisors' cooperation level, and this effect is only in line with the internalized norm mechanism rather than with the expectation-based mechanism. Additionally, the introduction of non-binding promises has different impacts on the behavior of selfish individuals and conditional cooperators, but both sets of the impacts can be interpreted as evidence for the internalized norm mechanism, while neither is supportive of the expectation-based mechanism. This paper provides empirical evidence consistent with the internalized norm mechanism for the effect of promises in promoting cooperation. There appears to be no support for the expectation-based mechanism.

SUBMITTER: Zhang W

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7561381 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Self-Conscious or Fear of Hurting Another's Feeling? An Experimental Investigation on Promise-Keeping.

Zhang Wenjie W Zhu Xianchen X Guan Hongyu H Li Tao T

Frontiers in psychology 20200930

We conducted an experimental investigation into whether the effect of non-binding verbal promises in enhancing cooperation among promisors is derived from the internalized norm mechanism or the expectation-based mechanism. We proposed a new experimental design based on the standard trust game to separate the two possible influence mechanisms of promises and assess the empirical support for these two mechanisms for the effect of promises. We also identified individuals' cooperation preferences to ...[more]

PMID: 33117242

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Project description:CONTEXT:There is need for a short validated self-report instrument for assessing the feeling of being loved. The Feeling Loved instrument asks: "Do you feel loved?" and "How loved do you feel?" as well as "Do you love yourself?" and "How much do you love yourself?" with 100 mm visual analogue scales assessing the continuous response options. OBJECTIVE:To assess convergent and discriminant validity and to explore psychometric structure for this novel self-report measure. DESIGN:Convergent validity comparators include: general mental health, perceived social support, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and positive/negative emotion. Discriminant validity comparators include: gender, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and body mass index. Latent class analysis techniques explore psychometric structure. SETTING:Baseline evaluation for a randomized controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS:Community-recruited adults in Madison, Wisconsin. INTERVENTION:This validation study is based on pre-intervention data. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:Strength of correlation with comparators is used to assess convergence and discrimination. Goodness-of-fit indicators assess latent class models. RESULTS:Of n?=?412 respondents, 92% answered positively to both Yes/No questions, and 59% self-rated ?75/100 on both 0-to-100 VAS scales. Supporting convergent validity, highly significant (p < 0.001) Spearman's rho=? correlations of a summed Feeling Loved score were: mental health (??=?0.49); social support (??=?0.46); perceived stress (??=?-0.46), depressive symptoms (??=?-0.31), and both positive (??=?0.50) and negative (??=?-0.43) emotion. Significant associations were also found for personality indicators. Supporting discriminant validity, Feeling Loved scores did not correlate significantly with physical health (??=?-0.08), body mass index (??=?0.01), age (??=?0.06), or income (??=?0.07) (p values all ? 0.12). Latent class analysis models suggested a 3-class structure, with strong goodness-of-fit indicators.

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Self-Conscious or Fear of Hurting Another's Feeling? An Experimental Investigation on Promise-Keeping.

Publications

Self-Conscious or Fear of Hurting Another's Feeling? An Experimental Investigation on Promise-Keeping.

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