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Bacterial communities of sponges from the wetland ecosystem of Little Rann of Kutch, India with particular reference to Planctomycetes.

ABSTRACT: Five sponge specimens belonging to the genera Spongilla and Ciocalypta were collected from Little Rann of Kutch (in Gujarat, India) and analysed for associated microbiomes. Critical analysis was done with respect to members of the phylum Planctomycetes, using two different strategies; 1. Culture-independent metagenomic approach and 2. culture-dependent anaerobic enrichment for anammox-planctomycetes. The 16S rRNA gene (V1-V3 region) amplicon metagenome analysis revealed significant divergence in bacterial diversity, including Planctomycetes among the sponges analysed. Community metagenomics revealed a total of 376 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) belonging to 41 different phyla. OTUs belonging to Proteobacteria was the most abundant (38%) among the sponge analysed. The KEGG annotation predicted a total of 6909 KEGG orthologs (KOs); most of the KOs are associated with membrane transport, xenobiotic degradation, production of secondary metabolites, amino acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism. In the culture-dependent study, FISH analysis confirmed the association of anammox-planctomycetes with sponges. Partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of two planctomycetes (JC545, JC543) were cladding with those of uncultured Phycisphaerae class. The other three putative anammox bacteria (JC541, JC542, JC544) formed a different clade with "Candidatus Brocadia anammoxidans". These three putative bacteria believably represent new species/genus related to "Candidatus Brocadia".

SUBMITTER: Kumar G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7568738 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:This report describes cultivation-dependent diversity, phylogeny and enzymatic potential of the haloalkaliphilic bacteria isolated from the unvegetated desert soil of yet unexplored, saline desert of Little Rann of Kutch (LRK), India. The LRK is a unique ecosystem displaying a combination of Dry Rann and Wet Rann. A total of 25 bacteria were isolated and characterized on the basis of colony morphology, biochemical profile, sugar utilization, secretion of the extracellular enzymes and antibiotic sensitivity. Further, the identification and phylogenetic relatedness of 23 bacteria were established by the analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolates belong to the phylum Firmicutes, comprising low G + C, Gram-positive bacteria, with different genera: Bacillus (~ 39%), Staphylococcus (~ 30%), Halobacillus (~ 13%), Virgibacillus (~ 13%), Oceanobacillus (~ 4%). Majority of the bacterial isolates produced proteases (30% isolates) followed by cellulases (24% isolates), CMCases (24% isolates) and amylases (20% isolates). Halobacillus, Virgibacillus and Bacillus predominantly produced hydrolases, while many produced multiple enzymes at high salinity and alkaline pH. Highest antibiotic resistance was observed against Ampicillin and Penicillin (32%) followed by Cefaclor (20%); Colistin, Cefoperazone and Cefotaxime (16%); Cefuroxime (12%); Gentamycin and Cefixime (8%); Erythromycin, Cefadroxil, Azithromycin, Co-trimoxazole, Amoxycillin, Norfloxacin, Cefpodoxime, Amikacin and Augmentin (4%). KJ1-10-99 and KJ1-10-93 representing < 97% of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity belong to a novel lineage within the family Bacillaceae. Comparison of the phenogram and phylogram revealed the contradiction of the phenogram pattern and the phylogenetic placement of the isolates. The isolates belonging to same species have shown considerable phenotypic variation. The study on the cultivable haloalkaliphilic bacteria of an unexplored enigmatic niche reflects ecological and biotechnological significance.

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Bacterial communities of sponges from the wetland ecosystem of Little Rann of Kutch, India with particular reference to Planctomycetes.

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