Project description:BackgroundEndoscopic intervention is often the first line of therapy for GI nonvariceal bleeding. Although some of the devices and techniques used for this purpose have been well studied, others are relatively new, with few available outcomes data.MethodsIn this document, we review devices and techniques for endoscopic treatment of nonvariceal GI bleeding, the evidence regarding their efficacy and safety, and financial considerations for their use.ResultsDevices used for endoscopic hemostasis in the GI tract can be classified into injection devices (needles), thermal devices (multipolar/bipolar probes, hemostatic forceps, heater probe, argon plasma coagulation, radiofrequency ablation, and cryotherapy), mechanical devices (clips, suturing devices, banding devices, stents), and topical devices (hemostatic sprays).ConclusionsEndoscopic evaluation and treatment remains a cornerstone in the management of nonvariceal upper- and lower-GI bleeding. A variety of devices is available for hemostasis of bleeding lesions in the GI tract. Other than injection therapy, which should not be used as monotherapy, there are few compelling data that strongly favor any one device over another. For endoscopists, the choice of a hemostatic device should depend on the type and location of the bleeding lesion, the availability of equipment and expertise, and the cost of the device.
Project description:Brunner's gland hamartoma is a rare benign duodenal tumor. It occurs in Brunner's glands, which are found in the duodenum and produce secretions that protect the duodenum from pancreatic enzymes, gastric acid, and other agents. Endoscopic or surgical resection is required for these hamartomas. Duodenal intussusception is a relatively rare condition, usually caused by the presence of benign tumors, such as fibroadenomas, lipomas, papillomas, or sometimes with malignant neoplasms. We report a case of giant Brunner's gland hamartoma in the duodenum causing antiperistaltic intussusception in a 45-year-old female patient. The patient reported a 3-year history of chronic anemia, and this mass was detected incidentally by computed tomography (CT) during investigations for chronic anemia and weight loss. Pre-operative abdominal and pelvis contrast revealed a sausage-shaped intraluminal structure with alternating fat planes and vessels distended in the third part of the duodenum up to the first part of the duodenum. Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy was performed. The patient recovered very slowly and was discharged on postoperative day 15 in good condition. Histology showed a large polypoid mass measuring 12.0?×?7.5?×?2.0 cm3, consistent with Brunner's gland hamartoma. Brunner's gland hamartoma can present with features of duodenal intussusception or ampullary obstruction but is rarely seen to cause retrograde jejuno-duodenal intussusception. Pancreas-sparing duodenectomy is the best surgical option in adult patients with intestinal intussusception associated with giant lesions close to the ampulla of Vater, especially in the presence of features of malignancy.
Project description:Duodenal varix is a rare condition that involves massive bleeding, diagnostic difficulties, and a high rate of rebleeding and mortality. The purpose of this study was to systematically review endoscopic treatment for duodenal variceal bleeding to evaluate its effectiveness and safety. We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library up to 21 November 2019. Ninety-two studies containing 156 patients were finally included, and individual data from 101 patients (mean age: 52.67 ± 13.82 years, male: 64.4%) were collected and further analyzed. We used an analysis of variance and χ2 or Fisher's exact tests to analyze individual data from 101 patients. The cause of duodenal variceal bleeding was cirrhosis-related intrahepatic portal hypertension (IPH) in 76.2% of patients. The overall rates of initial hemostasis and treatment success of endoscopic treatment for duodenal variceal bleeding were 89.1 and 81.2%, respectively. The median duration of follow-up was 4.5 (1.0, 12.0) months. The overall rates of rebleeding and mortality were 8.9 and 13.9%, respectively. Among a variety of endoscopic treatments available, only the initial hemostasis rate was significantly different between the endoscopic injection sclerotherapy and endoscopic tissue adhesive (ETA) groups (72.7 vs. 94.7%, P = 0.023); differences in treatment success, rebleeding, mortality, and adverse events were not statistically significant among the four groups. Endoscopic intervention is a feasible, well tolerated, and effective modality for the treatment of duodenal variceal bleeding. Among the variety of endoscopic treatments available, ETA with cyanoacrylate may be preferable for duodenal variceal bleeding.
Project description:Interventions: Advanced endoscopic resection (ER) techniques such as endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) have provided a minimally invasive alternative to surgery for curative management of advanced mucosal neoplasia. The safety profile and outcomes of ER techniques are significantly better than surgical resection however significant post resection bleeding remains an ongoing challenge. There is currently no consistently recommended strategy to reduce the risk of post-ER bleeding that has been adopted as standard of care.
ER in the duodenum carries the highest risk for for post ER bleeding based on anatomical location. This rate is particularly high with ER of and around the ampulla/ampullectomy (~20%).
A recently introduced haemostatic gel (Purastat, 3D-Matrix) that acts as a self assembling nanoparticle matrix has demonstrated efficacy as a topical haemostat in controlling oozing bleeding in a number of anatomical locations including applications in ENT, Gynaecology, and endoscopy.
All patients will be given high dose PPI prophylactically and undergo standard resection technique as outlined below for EMR and Ampullectomy. The control subjects will have these interventions ALONE, while the intervention arm will have these interventions in ADDITION to gel matrix.
EMR:
o Gelofusine + chromo of choice + 1:100,000 adrenaline in all injections unless adrenaline contraindicated
o Snare of choice but must use Endocut diathermy
o Intraprocedural haemostasis defined as clips only to active bleeding point or to area of injury not to close the entire defect
o Adjunctive therapy permitted for fibrosis/islands: avulsion,
o Salvage Purastat allowed in both arms if uncontrollable oozing bleeding intraprocedurally
Ampullectomy
o Resection of laterally spr
Primary outcome(s): Rate of delayed post-procedural bleeding requiring further intervention (such as blood transfusion, admission to hospital, or other blood products (such as platelets, fresh frozen plasma, prothrombinex)
This will be assessed clinically by the presence of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (such as melena or haematochezia) where patients were given blood products as documented in the medical record.[30 days post endoscopic procedure]
Study Design: Purpose: Treatment; Allocation: Randomised controlled trial; Masking: Blinded (masking used);Assignment: Parallel
Project description:Endoscopic injection of glues, clotting factors, or sclerosing agents is a well-known therapy for the treatment of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (NVUGIB), but less is known about endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided treatments. In this setting, literature data are scarce, and no randomized controlled trials are available. We performed a review of the existing literature in order to evaluate the role of EUS-guided therapies in the management of NVUGIB. The most common treated lesions were Dieulafoy's lesions, pancreatic pseudoaneurysms, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Mostly, the treatments were performed as a salvage option after failure of conventional endoscopic hemostatic attempts, showing good efficacy and a good safety profile, also documented by Doppler monitoring of treated lesions. EUS-guided therapies may be an effective option in the treatment of refractory NVUGIB, thus avoiding radiological or surgical management. Nevertheless, available literature still lacks robust data.