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Double Hit and Double Expresser Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Subtypes: Discrete Subtypes and Major Predictors of Overall Survival.

ABSTRACT: Double hit lymphomas (DHL) and double expresser lymphomas (DEL) are subsets of diffuse large B cell lymphomas (DLBCL) which are being increasingly recognised as cause of treatment failure. This emphasizes the need for their separation from other DLBCL cases in order to prognosticate and administer more aggressive treatment to this set of patients. The present study was conducted with the aim to identify the DHL/DEL patients and study their distinctive clinicopathological profile and overall survival. This retrospective analysis involved 172 cases of DLBCL sub-classified on the basis of cell of origin. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis for MYC, BCL2, BCL6, MUM1 and CD10 was performed. Rearrangement studies were performed using break apart Fluorescent in situ hybridization. Overall survival (OS) was also evaluated. Distinctive clinical and pathological features of DHL and DEL were identified. Rearrangement study by FISH revealed seven cases of DHL (MYC + BCL2 &/or BCL6 rearrangement). Also, 20 patients (11.6%) showed a concurrent expression of BCL2 and MYC oncoproteins (DEL) on IHC. Most (6/7) DHL patients were double expressors also. The DHL patients demonstrated a significant association with female gender, high serum LDH levels (> 750 U/L) and GCB phenotype. DEL patients contrarily predominated amongst males, had intermediate LDH levels (251-500 U/L) and non GCB phenotype. The OS of the patients was 63.8% at 4 years. The OS of the DLBCL, DEL and DHL patients was 71.9%, 46.9%, and 0%, respectively at 4 years (p value 0.010). In case of DEL subtype, factors such as age < 60 years (66.7%), male sex (60.8%), nodal localization (52.5%), early disease stage (84.6%), low IPI score (60%), absence of B symptoms (50%), LDH < 250 U/L (80%) and GCB phenotype (53.3%) were associated with better OS. Further, the OS of DHL cases was 0% at 4 years. Double hit and double expresser lymphomas have poor prognostic outcomes and should be separated from DLBCL. All DELs should be tested for DHLs and especially those with immunoblastic morphology. DHL and DEL subtypes delineate the subtypes with inferior OS and reinstate the need for aggressive interventions.

SUBMITTER: Mehta A

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7572989 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BACKGROUND:The poor outcome of high-grade B-cell lymphoma, with rearrangements of MYC, BCL2 and/or BCL6, also known as double-hit lymphoma or triple-hit lymphoma (DHL or THL), has been well documented, while the clinical significance of extra copies of MYC, BCL2 or BCL6 are still less well known. METHODS:In total, 130 cases of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (DLBCL-NOS) were included in our study. Fluorescence in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were performed in all cases to evaluate the genetic status and protein expression levels of MYC, BCL2 and BCL6. RESULTS:Among the 130 cases of DLBCL, the prevalence rates of extra copies of MYC, BCL2 and BCL6 were 10.8, 20.0 and 14.6%, respectively, and the corresponding rates of gene rearrangement were 10.0, 14.6 and 16.9%, respectively. In total, 7.7% (10/130) of patients were DHL/THL; 9.2% (12/130) of patients were DLBCL with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 gene abnormalities including rearrangements or extra copies, while excluded DHL/THL. The positive protein expression rates of MYC, BCL2 and BCL6 were 46.9% (61), 75.4% (98) and 70.0% (91), respectively. Among the 51 cases with MYC/BCL2 co-expression, 14 cases showed concurrence of MYC, BCL2 and/or BCL6 genetic abnormalities, and the remaining 37 cases were classified as double-expressor lymphoma (DEL). MYC and BCL2 rearrangement and BCL2 extra copies were all associated with upregulated protein expression. Cases with concurrence of MYC, BCL2 and/or BCL6 genetic abnormalities were both associated with MYC/BCL2 co-expression. Patients with concurrence of MYC, BCL2 and/or BCL6 genetic abnormalities excluded DHL/THL had shorter OS (P?<?0.001) than patients with DLBCL with no genetic change, and showed no statistical different with patients with DHL/THL (P?=?0.419). Extra copies of MYC was independent prognostic factors for DLBCL. CONCLUSIONS:Patients with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 gene extra copies might show a trend towards poor prognosis, and the detection of extra copies of MYC, BCL2 and BCL6 might deserve more attention.

Project description:Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is a potentially curable disease. However, it is heterogenous, and the prognosis is poor if the tumor cells harbor fusions involving MYC and BCL2 or MYC and BCL6 (double-hit [DH] lymphoma), or fusions involving all three genes (triple-hit [TH] lymphoma). Fluorescence in situ hybridization is currently the gold standard for confirming the presence of DH/TH genotypes. However, the test is laborious and not readily available in some laboratories. Germinal center B (GCB) signatures and dual expression of MYC and BCL2 are commonly used as initial screening markers (traditional model) in clinical practice. Our study proposes immunohistochemical markers for more conveniently and accessibly screening DH/TH genotypes in DLBCL. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and pathological parameters of patients with DLBCL. We assessed the proliferative index, apoptotic index, and tumor microenvironment (TME), with regard to T cells and CD11c(+) dendritic cells, in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. We then generated a decision tree as a screening algorithm to predict DH/TH genotypes and employed decision curve analysis to demonstrate the superiority of this new model in prediction. We also assessed the prognostic significance of related parameters. Our study revealed that GCB subtypes, a Ki67 proliferative index higher than 70%, and BCL2 expression were significantly associated with DH/TH genotypes. Decreased CD11c(+) dendritic cells in the TME indicated additional risk. Our proposed screening algorithm outperformed a traditional model in screening for the DH/TH genotypes. In addition, decreased CD11c(+) dendritic cells in the DLBCL TME were an independent unfavorable prognosticator. In conclusion, we provide a convenient, well-performing model that predicts DH/TH genotypes in DLBCL. The prognostic significance of CD11c(+) dendritic cells in the TME might influence the classification and development of immunotherapy for DLBCL in the future.

Project description:Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is one of the most frequent subtypes of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. We used artificial neural networks (multilayer perceptron and radial basis function), machine learning, and conventional bioinformatics to predict the overall survival and molecular subtypes of DLBCL. The series included 106 cases and 730 genes of a pancancer immune-oncology panel (nCounter) as predictors. The multilayer perceptron predicted the outcome with high accuracy, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.98, and ranked all the genes according to their importance. In a multivariate analysis, ARG1, TNFSF12, REL, and NRP1 correlated with favorable survival (hazard risks: 0.3-0.5), and IFNA8, CASP1, and CTSG, with poor survival (hazard risks = 1.0-2.1). Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) showed enrichment toward poor prognosis. These high-risk genes were also associated with the gene expression of M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (CD163), and MYD88 expression. The prognostic relevance of this set of 7 genes was also confirmed within the IPI and MYC translocation strata, the EBER-negative cases, the DLBCL not-otherwise specified (NOS) (High-grade B-cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements excluded), and an independent series of 414 cases of DLBCL in Europe and North America (GSE10846). The perceptron analysis also predicted molecular subtypes (based on the Lymph2Cx assay) with high accuracy (AUC = 1). STAT6, TREM2, and REL were associated with the germinal center B-cell (GCB) subtype, and CD37, GNLY, CD46, and IL17B were associated with the activated B-cell (ABC)/unspecified subtype. The GSEA had a sinusoidal-like plot with association to both molecular subtypes, and immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the correlation of MAPK3 with the GCB subtype in another series of 96 cases (notably, MAPK3 also correlated with LMO2, but not with M2-like tumor-associated macrophage markers CD163, CSF1R, TNFAIP8, CASP8, PD-L1, PTX3, and IL-10). Finally, survival and molecular subtypes were successfully modeled using other machine learning techniques including logistic regression, discriminant analysis, SVM, CHAID, C5, C&R trees, KNN algorithm, and Bayesian network. In conclusion, prognoses and molecular subtypes were predicted with high accuracy using neural networks, and relevant genes were highlighted.

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Double Hit and Double Expresser Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma Subtypes: Discrete Subtypes and Major Predictors of Overall Survival.

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