Dataset Information

Mechanisms of gait phase entrainment in healthy subjects during rhythmic electrical stimulation of the medial gastrocnemius.

ABSTRACT: Studies have shown that human gait entrains to rhythmic bursts of ankle torque for perturbation intervals both slightly shorter and slightly longer than the natural stride period while walking on a treadmill and during overground walking, with phase alignment such that the torque adds to ankle push-off. This study investigated whether human gait also entrains to align the phase of rhythmic electrical stimulation of the gastrocnemius muscle with the timing of ankle push-off. In addition, this study investigated the muscle response to electrical stimulation at different phases of the gait cycle. We found that for both treadmill and overground walking entrainment was observed with phasing that aligned the stimuli with ankle push-off or just before foot contact. Achilles tendon wave speed measurements showed a significant difference (increase) in tendon load when electrical stimulation was applied just after foot contact and during swing phase, with a greater increase for higher amplitudes of electrical stimulation. However, stimulation did not increase tendon load when the timing coincided with push-off. Stride period measurements also suggest the effect of electrical stimulation is sensitive to the gait phase it is applied. These results confirmed that timing aligned with push-off is an attractor for electrical stimulation-induced perturbations of the medial gastrocnemius, and that the muscle response to stimulation is sensitive to timing and amplitude. Future research should investigate other muscles and timings and separate sensory vs. motor contributions to these phenomena.

SUBMITTER: Thorp JE

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7584166 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Mechanisms of gait phase entrainment in healthy subjects during rhythmic electrical stimulation of the medial gastrocnemius.

Thorp Jenna E JE Adamczyk Peter Gabriel PG

PloS one 20201023 10

Studies have shown that human gait entrains to rhythmic bursts of ankle torque for perturbation intervals both slightly shorter and slightly longer than the natural stride period while walking on a treadmill and during overground walking, with phase alignment such that the torque adds to ankle push-off. This study investigated whether human gait also entrains to align the phase of rhythmic electrical stimulation of the gastrocnemius muscle with the timing of ankle push-off. In addition, this stu ...[more]

PMID: 33095823

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Project description:The medial frontal cortex remains functionally ill-understood; this is reflected by the heterogeneity of behavioural outcomes following damage to the region. We aim to use the rich information provided by extraoperative direct electrical cortical stimulation to enhance our understanding of its functional anatomy. Examining a cohort of 38 epilepsy patients undergoing direct electrical cortical stimulation in the context of presurgical evaluation, we reviewed stimulation findings and classified them in a behavioural framework (positive motor, negative motor, somatosensory, speech disturbances, and "other"). The spatially discrete cortical stimulation-derived data points were then transformed into continuous probabilistic maps, thereby enabling the voxel-wise spatial inference widely used in the analysis of functional and structural imaging data. A functional map of stimulation findings of the medial wall emerged. Positive motor responses occurred in 141 stimulations (31.2%), anatomically located on the paracentral lobule (threshold at p<.05), extending no further than the vertical anterior commissure (VCA) line. Thirty negative motor responses were observed (6.6%), localised to the VCA line (at p < .001 uncorrected). In 43 stimulations (9.5%) a somatosensory response localised to the caudal cingulate zone (at p < .001 uncorrected), with a second region posterior to central sulcus. Speech disturbances were elicited in 38 stimulations (8.4%), more commonly but not exclusively from the language fMRI dominant side, just anterior to VCA (p < .001 uncorrected). In only 2 stimulations, the patient experienced a subjective "urge" to move in the absence of overt movement. Classifying motor behaviour along the dimensions of effector, and movement vs arrest, we derive a wholly data-driven stimulation map of the medial wall, powered by the largest number of stimulations of the region reported (n = 452) in patients imaged with MRI. This model and the underlying data provide a robust framework for understanding the architecture of the region through the joint analysis of disruptive and correlative anatomical maps.

Project description:Many power-assist wearable exoskeletons have been developed to provide walking support and gait rehabilitation for elderly subjects and gait-disorder patients. Most designers have focused on a direct power-assist to the wearer's lower limbs. However, gait is a coordinated rhythmic movement of four limbs controlled intrinsically by central pattern generators, with the upper limbs playing an important role in walking. Maintaining a normal gait can become difficult as a person ages, because of decreases in limb coordination, stride length, and gait speed. It is known that coordination mechanisms can be governed by the principle of mutual entrainment, in which synchronization develops through the interaction between nonlinear phase oscillators in biological systems. This principle led us to hypothesize that interactive rhythmic stimulation to upper-limb movements might compensate for the age-related decline in coordination, thereby improving the gait in the elderly. To investigate this hypothesis, we developed a gait-assist wearable exoskeleton that employs interactive rhythmic stimulation to the upper limbs. In particular, we investigated the effects on spatial (i.e., hip-swing amplitude) and temporal (i.e., hip-swing period) gait parameters by conducting walking experiments with 12 healthy elderly subjects under one control condition and five upper-limb-assist conditions, where the output motor torque was applied at five different upper-limb swing positions. The results showed a statistically significant increase in the mean hip-swing amplitude, with a mean increment of about 7% between the control and upper-limb-assist conditions. They also showed a statistically significant decrease in the mean hip-swing period, with a mean decrement of about 2.3% between the control and one of the upper-limb-assist conditions. Although the increase in the hip-swing amplitude and the decrease in the hip-swing period were both small, the results indicate the possibility that interactive rhythmic stimulation to the upper limbs might have a positive effect on the gait of the elderly.

Dataset Information

Mechanisms of gait phase entrainment in healthy subjects during rhythmic electrical stimulation of the medial gastrocnemius.

Publications

Mechanisms of gait phase entrainment in healthy subjects during rhythmic electrical stimulation of the medial gastrocnemius.

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