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Di-bromo-Based Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint.

ABSTRACT: Immune checkpoint blockade is one of the most promising strategies of cancer immunotherapy. However, unlike classical targeted therapies, it is currently solely based on expensive monoclonal antibodies, which often inflict immune-related adverse events. Herein, we propose a novel small-molecule inhibitor targeted at the most clinically relevant immune checkpoint, PD-1/PD-L1. The compound is capable of disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 complex by antagonizing PD-L1 and, therefore, restores activation of T cells similarly to the antibodies, while being cheap in production and possibly nonimmunogenic. The final compound is significantly smaller than others reported in the literature while being nontoxic to cells even at high concentrations. The scaffold was designed using a structure-activity relationship screening cascade based on a new antagonist-induced dissociation NMR assay, called the weak-AIDA-NMR. Weak-AIDA-NMR finds true inhibitors, as opposed to only binders to the target protein, in early steps of lead compound development, and this process makes it less time and cost consuming.

SUBMITTER: Konieczny M

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7584369 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Di-bromo-Based Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint.

Konieczny Magdalena M Musielak Bogdan B Kocik Justyna J Skalniak Lukasz L Sala Dominik D Czub Miroslawa M Magiera-Mularz Katarzyna K Rodriguez Ismael I Myrcha Maja M Stec Malgorzata M Siedlar Maciej M Holak Tad A TA Plewka Jacek J

Journal of medicinal chemistry 20200923 19

Immune checkpoint blockade is one of the most promising strategies of cancer immunotherapy. However, unlike classical targeted therapies, it is currently solely based on expensive monoclonal antibodies, which often inflict immune-related adverse events. Herein, we propose a novel small-molecule inhibitor targeted at the most clinically relevant immune checkpoint, PD-1/PD-L1. The compound is capable of disrupting the PD-1/PD-L1 complex by antagonizing PD-L1 and, therefore, restores activation of ...[more]

PMID: 32936638

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Project description:Blocking the interaction between the programmed cell death (PD)-1 protein and one of its ligands, PD-L1, has been reported to have impressive antitumor responses. Therapeutics targeting this pathway are currently in clinical trials. Pembrolizumab and nivolumab are the first of this anti-PD-1 pathway family of checkpoint inhibitors to gain accelerated approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of ipilimumab-refractory melanoma. Nivolumab has been associated with improved overall survival compared with dacarbazine in patients with previously untreated wild-type serine/threonine-protein kinase B-raf proto-oncogene BRAF melanoma. Although the most mature data are in the treatment of melanoma, the FDA has granted approval of nivolumab for squamous cell lung cancer and the breakthrough therapy designation to immune- checkpoint inhibitors for use in other cancers: nivolumab, an anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody, for Hodgkin lymphoma, and MPDL-3280A, an anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibody, for bladder cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. Here we review the literature on PD-1 and PD-L1 blockade and focus on the reported clinical studies that have included patients with melanoma.PubMed was searched to identify relevant clinical studies of PD-1/PD-L1-targeted therapies in melanoma. A review of data from the current trials on clinicaltrial.gov was incorporated, as well as data presented in abstracts at the 2014 annual meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, given the limited number of published clinical trials on this topic.The anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 agents have been reported to have impressive antitumor effects in several malignancies, including melanoma. The greatest clinical activity in unselected patients has been seen in melanoma. Tumor expression of PD-L1 is a suggestive, but inadequate, biomarker predictive of response to immune-checkpoint blockade. However, tumors expressing little or no PD-L1 are less likely to respond to PD-1 pathway blockade. Combination checkpoint blockade with PD-1 plus cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 blockade appears to improve response rates in patients who are less likely to respond to single-checkpoint blockade. Toxicity with PD-1 blocking agents is less than the toxicity with previous immunotherapies (eg, interleukin 2, CTLA-4 blockade). Certain adverse events can be severe and potentially life threatening, but most can be prevented or reversed with close monitoring and appropriate management.This family of immune-checkpoint inhibitors benefits not only patients with metastatic melanoma but also those with historically less responsive tumor types. Although a subset of patients responds to single-agent blockade, the initial trial of checkpoint-inhibitor combinations has reported a potential to improve response rates. Combination therapies appear to be a means of increasing response rates, albeit with increased immune-related adverse events. As these treatments become available to patients, education regarding the recognition and management of immune-related effects of immune-checkpoint blockade will be essential for maximizing clinical benefit.

Dataset Information

Di-bromo-Based Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint.

Publications

Di-bromo-Based Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the PD-1/PD-L1 Immune Checkpoint.

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