The virulence factor urease and its unexplored role in the metabolism of Cryptococcus neoformans.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Toplis B
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7592176 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:UnlabelledUrease in Cryptococcus neoformans plays an important role in fungal dissemination to the brain and causing meningoencephalitis. Although urea is not required for synthesis of apourease encoded by URE1, the available nitrogen source affected the expression of URE1 as well as the level of the enzyme activity. Activation of the apoenzyme requires three accessory proteins, Ure4, Ure6, and Ure7, which are homologs of the bacterial urease accessory proteins UreD, UreF, and UreG, respectively. A yeast two-hybrid assay showed positive interaction of Ure1 with the three accessory proteins encoded by URE4, URE6, and URE7. Metalloproteomic analysis of cryptococcal lysates using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and a biochemical assay of urease activity showed that, as in many other organisms, urease is a metallocentric enzyme that requires nickel transported by Nic1 for its catalytic activity. The Ure7 accessory protein (bacterial UreG homolog) binds nickel likely via its conserved histidine-rich domain and appears to be responsible for the incorporation of Ni(2+) into the apourease. Although the cryptococcal genome lacks the bacterial UreE homolog, Ure7 appears to combine the functions of bacterial UreE and UreG, thus making this pathogen more similar to that seen with the plant system. Brain invasion by the ure1, ure7, and nic1 mutant strains that lack urease activity was significantly less effective in a mouse model. This indicated that an activated urease and not the Ure1 protein was responsible for enhancement of brain invasion and that the factors required for urease activation in C. neoformans resemble those of plants more than those of bacteria.ImportanceCryptococcus neoformans is the major fungal agent of meningoencephalitis in humans. Although urease is an important factor for cryptococcal brain invasion, the enzyme activation system has not been studied. We show that urease is a nickel-requiring enzyme whose activity level is influenced by the type of available nitrogen source. C. neoformans contains all the bacterial urease accessory protein homologs and nickel transporters except UreE, a nickel chaperone. Cryptococcal Ure7 (a homolog of UreG) apparently functions as both the bacterial UreG and UreE in activating the Ure1 apoenzyme. The cryptococcal urease accessory proteins Ure4, Ure6, and Ure7 interacted with Ure1 in a yeast two-hybrid assay, and deletion of any one of these not only inactivated the enzyme but also reduced the efficacy of brain invasion. This is the first study showing a holistic picture of urease in fungi, clarifying that urease activity, and not Ure1 protein, contributes to pathogenesis in C. neoformans.
| S-EPMC3663189 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Amino acid biosynthetic pathways that are absent in mammals are considered an attractive target for antifungal therapy. Leucine biosynthesis is one such target pathway, consisting of a five-step conversion process starting from the valine precursor 2-keto-isovalerate. Isopropylmalate dehydrogenase (Leu1) is an Fe-S cluster protein that is required for leucine biosynthesis in the model fungus Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The human pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans possesses an ortholog of S. cerevisiae Leu1, and our previous transcriptome data showed that the expression of LEU1 is regulated by iron availability. In this study, we characterized the role of Leu1 in iron homeostasis and the virulence of C. neoformans. We found that deletion of LEU1 caused leucine auxotrophy and that Leu1 may play a role in the mitochondrial-cytoplasmic Fe-S cluster balance. Whereas cytoplasmic Fe-S protein levels were not affected, mitochondrial Fe-S proteins were up-regulated in the leu1 mutant, suggesting that Leu1 mainly influences mitochondrial iron metabolism. The leu1 mutant also displayed increased sensitivity to oxidative stress and cell wall/membrane disrupting agents, which may have been caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Furthermore, the leu1 mutant was deficient in capsule formation and showed attenuated virulence in a mouse inhalation model of cryptococcosis. Overall, our results indicate that Leu1 plays a role in iron metabolism and is required for virulence in C. neoformans.
| S-EPMC4706550 | biostudies-literature
Project description:UNLABELLED:While research has identified an important contribution for metals, such as iron, in microbial pathogenesis, the roles of other transition metals, such as copper, remain mostly unknown. Recent evidence points to a requirement for copper homeostasis in the virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans based on a role for a CUF1 copper regulatory factor in mouse models and in a human patient cohort. C. neoformans is an important fungal pathogen that results in an estimated 600,000 AIDS-related deaths yearly. In the present studies, we found that a C. neoformans mutant lacking the CUF1-dependent copper transporter, CTR4, grows normally in rich medium at 37°C but has reduced survival in macrophages and attenuated virulence in a mouse model. This reduced survival and virulence were traced to a growth defect under nutrient-restricted conditions. Expression studies using a full-length CTR4-fluorescent fusion reporter construct demonstrated robust expression in macrophages, brain, and lung, the latter shown by ex vivo fluorescent imaging. Inductively coupled mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) was used to probe the copper quota of fungal cells grown in defined medium and recovered from brain, which suggested a role for a copper-protective function of CTR4 in combination with cell metallothioneins under copper-replete conditions. In summary, these data suggest a role for CTR4 in copper-related homeostasis and subsequently in fungal virulence. IMPORTANCE:Crytococcus neoformans is a significant global fungal pathogen, and copper homeostasis is a relatively unexplored aspect of microbial pathogenesis that could lead to novel therapeutics. Previous studies correlated expression levels of a Ctr4 copper transporter to development of meningoencephalitis in a patient cohort of solid-organ transplants, but a direct role for Ctr4 in mammalian pathogenesis has not been demonstrated. The present studies utilize a ?ctr4 mutant strain which revealed an important role for CTR4 in C. neoformans infections in mice and relate the gene product to homeostatic control of copper and growth under nutrient-restricted conditions. Robust expression levels of CTR4 during fungal infection were exploited to demonstrate expression and lung cryptococcal disease using ex vivo fluorescence imaging. In summary, these studies are the first to directly demonstrate a role for a copper transporter in fungal disease and provide an ex vivo imaging tool for further study of cryptococcal gene expression and pathogenesis.
| S-EPMC3518914 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC522596 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Iron acquisition is a critical aspect of the virulence of many pathogenic microbes, and iron limitation is an important defense mechanism for mammalian hosts. We are examining mechanisms of iron regulation and acquisition in the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, and here, we characterize the roles of the ferroxidases Cfo1 and Cfo2. Cfo1 is required for the reductive iron uptake system that mediates the utilization of transferrin, an important iron source for C. neoformans during infection. The virulence of a cfo1 mutant was attenuated in a mouse model of cryptococcosis, and the mutant also displayed increased sensitivities to the antifungal drugs fluconazole and amphotericin B. Wild-type levels of drug sensitivity were restored by the addition of exogenous heme, which suggested that reduced levels of intracellular iron may curtail heme levels and interfere with ergosterol biosynthesis. We constructed green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins and found elevated expression of Cfo1-GFP upon iron limitation, as well as localization of the fusion to the plasma membrane. Trafficking to this location was disrupted by a defect in the catalytic subunit of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. This result is consistent with findings from studies indicating an influence of the kinase on the expression of protein-trafficking functions in C. neoformans.
| S-EPMC2756870 | biostudies-other
Project description:Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans is regulated by a range of transcription factors, and is also influenced by the acquisition of adaptive mutations during infection. Beyond the temporal regulation of virulence factor production by transcription factors and these permanent microevolutionary changes, heritable epigenetic modifications such as histone deacetylation may also play a role during infection. Here we describe the first comprehensive analysis of the sirtuin class of NAD+ dependent histone deacetylases in the phylum Basidiomycota, identifying five sirtuins encoded in the C. neoformans genome. Each sirtuin gene was deleted and a wide range of phenotypic tests performed to gain insight into the potential roles they play. Given the pleiotropic nature of sirtuins in other species, it was surprising that only two of the five deletion strains revealed mutant phenotypes in vitro. However, cryptic consequences of the loss of each sirtuin were identified through whole cell proteomics, and mouse infections revealed a role in virulence for SIR2, HST3 and HST4. The most intriguing phenotype was the repeated inability to complement mutant phenotypes through the reintroduction of the wild-type gene. These data support the model that regulation of sirtuin activity may be employed to enable a drastic alteration of the epigenetic landscape and virulence of C. neoformans.
| S-EPMC5399365 | biostudies-literature
Project description:In order to survive and cause disease, microbial pathogens must be able to proliferate at the temperature of their infected host. We identified novel microbial features associated with thermotolerance in the opportunistic fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans using a random insertional mutagenesis strategy, screening for mutants with defective growth at 37°C. Among several thermosensitive mutants, we identified one bearing a disruption in a gene predicted to encode the Ape4 aspartyl aminopeptidase protein. Ape4 metalloproteases in other fungi, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are activated by nitrogen starvation, and they are required for autophagy and the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway. However, none have been previously associated with altered growth at elevated temperatures. We demonstrated that the C. neoformans ape4 mutant does not grow at 37°C, and it also has defects in the expression of important virulence factors such as phospholipase production and capsule formation. C. neoformans Ape4 activity was required for this facultative intracellular pathogen to survive within macrophages, as well as for virulence in an animal model of cryptococcal infection. Similar to S. cerevisiae Ape4, the C. neoformans GFP-Ape4 fusion protein co-localized with intracytoplasmic vesicles during nitrogen depletion. APE4 expression was also induced by the combination of nutrient and thermal stress. Together these results suggest that autophagy is an important cellular process for this microbial pathogen to survive within the environment of the infected host.
| S-EPMC5444613 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic yeast responsible for lethal meningoencephalitis in humans. This pathogen elaborates a polysaccharide capsule, which is its major virulence factor. Mannose constitutes over one-half of the capsule mass and is also extensively utilized in cell wall synthesis and in glycosylation of proteins and lipids. The activated mannose donor for most biosynthetic reactions, GDP-mannose, is made in the cytosol, although it is primarily consumed in secretory organelles. This compartmentalization necessitates specific transmembrane transporters to make the donor available for glycan synthesis. We previously identified two cryptococcal GDP-mannose transporters, Gmt1 and Gmt2. Biochemical studies of each protein expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed that both are functional, with similar kinetics and substrate specificities in vitro. We have now examined these proteins in vivo and demonstrate that cells lacking Gmt1 show significant phenotypic differences from those lacking Gmt2 in terms of growth, colony morphology, protein glycosylation, and capsule phenotypes. Some of these observations may be explained by differential expression of the two genes, but others suggest that the two proteins play overlapping but nonidentical roles in cryptococcal biology. Furthermore, gmt1 gmt2 double mutant cells, which are unexpectedly viable, exhibit severe defects in capsule synthesis and protein glycosylation and are avirulent in mouse models of cryptococcosis.
| S-EPMC4054277 | biostudies-other
Project description:The endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT) plays a crucial role in the transportation and degradation of proteins. We determined that Vps27, a key protein of the ESCRT-0 complex, is required for the transport of the virulence factor laccase to the cell wall in Cryptococcus neoformans Laccase activity was perturbed, as was melanin production, in vps27Δ strains. In the absence of VPS27, there was an accumulation of multivesicular bodies with vacuolar fragmentation and mistargeting of the vacuolar carboxypeptidase CPY/Prc1, resulting in an extracellular localization. In addition, deletion of VPS27 resulted in a defect in laccase targeting of a Lac1-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion to the cell wall with trapping within intracellular puncta; this deletion was accompanied by reduced virulence in a mouse model. However, the actin cytoskeleton remained intact, suggesting that the trafficking defect is not due to defects in actin-related localization. Extracellular vesicle maturation was also defective in the vps27Δ mutant, which had a larger vesicle size as measured by dynamic light scattering. Our data identify cryptococcal VPS27 as a required gene for laccase trafficking and attenuates virulence of C. neoformans in a mouse intravenous (i.v.) meningitis model.
| S-EPMC7309605 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Iron-sulfur clusters (ISC) are indispensable cofactors for essential enzymes in various cellular processes. In the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the precursor of ISCs is exported from mitochondria via a mitochondrial ABC transporter Atm1 and used for cytosolic and nuclear ISC protein assembly. Although iron homeostasis has been implicated in the virulence of the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans, the key components of the ISC biosynthesis pathway need to be fully elucidated. In the current study, a homolog of S. cerevisiae Atm1 was identified in C. neoformans, and its function was characterized. We constructed C. neoformans mutants lacking ATM1 and found that deletion of ATM1 affected mitochondrial functions. Furthermore, we observed diminished activity of the cytosolic ISC-containing protein Leu1 and the heme-containing protein catalase in the atm1 mutant. These results suggested that Atm1 is required for the biosynthesis of ISCs in the cytoplasm as well as heme metabolism in C. neoformans. In addition, the atm1 mutants were avirulent in a murine model of cryptococcosis. Overall, our results demonstrated that Atm1 plays a critical role in iron metabolism and virulence for C. neoformans.
| S-EPMC7539791 | biostudies-literature