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Transcriptomic Insights into the Antifungal Effects of Magnolol on the Growth and Mycotoxin Production of Alternaria alternata.

ABSTRACT: Alternaria alternata is an important phytopathogen causing fruit black rot and also producing a variety of mycotoxins, such as alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) as two main contaminants. This could lead to economic losses of agricultural products as well as human health risks. In this study, magnolol extracted from the traditional Chinese herb, Mangnoliaofficinalis, exhibited an obvious antifungal property and could completely suppress the mycelial growth at 100 ?M. Morphological differences of A. alternata were observed to be significantly shrunk and wrinkled after the exposure to magnolol. Furthermore, AOH and AME were no longer produced in response to 50 ?M of magnolol. To uncover the antifungal and antimycotoxigenic mechanisms, the transcriptomic profiles of A. alternata-treated with or without magnolol-were evaluated. The clustered genes responsible for AOH and AME biosynthesis were obviously less transcribed under magnolol stress and this was further confirmed by qRT-PCR. The global regulators of carbon and nitrogen utilization, such as CreA and NmrA, were significantly down-regulated and this possibly caused the reduction in mycotoxins. In addition, fatty acid ?-oxidation was regarded to contribute to polyketide mycotoxin production for the supply of precursor acetyl-CoA while the expression of these related genes was inhibited. The response to magnolol led to the marked alteration of oxidative stress and the down-expression of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway from the transcriptome data and the determination of peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) assays. This above might be the very reason for the growth supression and mycotoxin production of A. alternata by magnolol. This study provides new insights into its potential as an important active ingredient for the control of A. alternata and its mycotoxins in fruits and their products.

SUBMITTER: Wang L

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7594048 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Transcriptomic Insights into the Antifungal Effects of Magnolol on the Growth and Mycotoxin Production of Alternaria alternata.

Wang Liuqing L Wang Duo D Yuan Shuzhi S Feng Xiaoyuan X Wang Meng M

Toxins 20201020 10

Alternaria alternata is an important phytopathogen causing fruit black rot and also producing a variety of mycotoxins, such as alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) as two main contaminants. This could lead to economic losses of agricultural products as well as human health risks. In this study, magnolol extracted from the traditional Chinese herb, Mangnoliaofficinalis, exhibited an obvious antifungal property and could completely suppress the mycelial gro ...[more]

PMID: 33092244

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Project description:Alternaria alternata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen and a ubiquitous phytopathogen capable of causing diseases to >100 agricultural crops and ornamental plants. To control plant diseases caused by A. alternata, triazole fungicides have been widely used both in open crop and vegetable fields and in indoor growth facilities such as greenhouses. At present, the effect of fungicide use on triazole resistance development in A. alternata populations is not known. Here, we isolated 237 A. alternata strains from nine greenhouses around metropolitan Kunming in Yunnan, southwest China, determined their genotypes using 10 short tandem repeat markers, and quantified their susceptibility to four triazoles (difenoconazole, tebuconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole). Abundant allelic and genotypic diversities were detected among these A. alternata strains. Significantly, over 17% of the strains were resistant to difenoconazole, and both known and new drug-resistance mutations were found in the triazole target gene cyp51. Our findings of high-level genetic variation of A. alternata in greenhouses coupled with high-frequency fungicide resistance call for greater attention to continued monitoring and to developing alternative plant fungal disease management strategies in greenhouses. IMPORTANCE Alternaria alternata is among the most common fungi in our environments, such as indoor facilities, the soil, and outdoor air. It can cause diseases in >100 crop and ornamental plants. Furthermore, it can cause human infections. However, our understanding of its genetic diversity and antifungal susceptibility is very limited. Indeed, the critical threshold values for resistance have not been defined for most antifungal drugs in this species. Greenhouses are known to have heavy applications of agricultural fungicides. In this study, we analyzed strains of A. alternata from nine greenhouses near metropolitan Kunming in southwestern China. Our study revealed very high genetic diversity and identified strains with high MIC values against two agricultural and two medical triazole antifungals within each of the nine greenhouses. Our study calls for greater attention to this emerging threat to food security and human health.

Dataset Information

Transcriptomic Insights into the Antifungal Effects of Magnolol on the Growth and Mycotoxin Production of Alternaria alternata.

Publications

Transcriptomic Insights into the Antifungal Effects of Magnolol on the Growth and Mycotoxin Production of <i>Alternaria alternata</i>.

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