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Reduction in dietary lysine increases muscle free amino acids through changes in protein metabolism in chickens.

ABSTRACT: Taste is crucial to meat quality, and free Glu is an important taste-active component in meat. Our recent study showed that the short-term feeding of a low-Lys diet increases the concentration of free Glu and other free amino acids in chicken muscle and improves its taste. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which the feeding of a low-Lys diet increases free Glu in chicken muscle. Two groups (n = 10 per group) of 28-day-old female Ross strain broiler chickens were fed diets with a graded Lys content of 90% or 100% of the recommended Lys requirement (according to National Research Council [1994] guidelines) for 10 D. Free amino acid concentrations and the mRNA abundance of protein metabolism-related genes were measured in breast muscle, and breast muscle metabolome analysis was conducted. Free Glu in muscle was increased by 51.8% in the Lys 90% group compared with the Lys 100% group (P < 0.01). Free threonine, glutamine, glycine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, and 3-methyl-histidine concentrations in breast muscle were also increased in the Lys 90% group (P < 0.05). Metabolome analysis also showed that free amino acids were increased in the Lys 90% group. The mRNA abundance of ?-calpain, caspase-3, and 20S proteasome C2 subunit were increased in the Lys 90% group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the free Glu concentration in muscle was correlated with mRNA abundance of ?-calpain (r = 0.74, P < 0.01), caspase 3 (r = 0.69, P < 0.01), 20S proteasome C2 subunit (r = 0.65, P < 0.01), and cathepsin B (r = 0.52, P < 0.05). Our study suggests that the feeding of a low-Lys diet to chickens increased the free Glu content of breast muscle by promoting protein degradation.

SUBMITTER: Watanabe G

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7597547 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Jun

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Reduction in dietary lysine increases muscle free amino acids through changes in protein metabolism in chickens.

Watanabe Genya G Kobayashi Hiroyuki H Shibata Masahiro M Kubota Masatoshi M Kadowaki Motoni M Fujimura Shinobu S

Poultry science 20200508 6

Taste is crucial to meat quality, and free Glu is an important taste-active component in meat. Our recent study showed that the short-term feeding of a low-Lys diet increases the concentration of free Glu and other free amino acids in chicken muscle and improves its taste. Here, we investigated the mechanisms by which the feeding of a low-Lys diet increases free Glu in chicken muscle. Two groups (n = 10 per group) of 28-day-old female Ross strain broiler chickens were fed diets with a graded Lys ...[more]

PMID: 32475447

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Project description:Pigs exposed to heat stress (HS) increase body temperature in which can damage the intestinal epithelia and affect the absorption and availability of amino acids (AA). Protein digestion and metabolism further increase body temperature. An experiment was conducted with six pairs of pigs (of 47.3 ± 1.3 kg initial body weight) exposed to natural HS to assess the effect of substituting dietary protein-bound AA by free AA on morphology and gene expression of intestinal epithelial and serum concentration (SC) of free AA. Treatments were: high protein, 21.9% crude protein (CP) diet (HShp) and low protein, 13.5% CP diet supplemented with crystalline Lys, Thr, Met, Trp, His, Ile, Leu, Phe, and Val (HSaa). The HShp diet met or exceeded all AA requirements. The HSaa diet was formulated on the basis of ideal protein. Pigs were fed the same amount at 0700 and 1900 hours during the 21-d study. Blood samples were collected at 1700 hours (2.0 h before the evening meal), 2030 hours, and 2130 hours (1.5 and 2.5 h after the evening meal). At the end, all pigs were sacrificed to collect intestinal mucosa and a 5-cm section from each segment of the small intestine from each pig. Villi measures, expression of AA transporters (y+L and B0) in mucosa, and SC of AA were analyzed. Ambient temperature fluctuated daily from 24.5 to 42.6 °C. Weight gain and G.F were not affected by dietary treatment. Villi height tended to be larger (P ? 0.10) and the villi height:crypt depth ratio was higher in duodenum and jejunum of pigs fed the HSaa diet (P < 0.05). Gene expression of transporter y+L in jejunum tended to be lower (P < 0.10) and transporter B0 in the ileum was lower (P < 0.05) in HSaa pigs. Preprandial (1700 hours) SC of Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Thr, Trp, and Val was higher (P < 0.05), and Phe tended to be higher (P < 0.10) in HShp pigs. At 2030 hours (1.5 h postprandial), serum Lys, Met, and Thr were higher in the HSaa pigs (P < 0.05). At 2130 hours (2.5 h), Arg, His, Ile, Phe, and Trp were lower (P < 0.05); Met was higher (P < 0.05); and Lys tended to be higher (P < 0.10) in HSaa pigs. In conclusion, feeding HS pigs with low protein diets supplemented with free AA reduces the damage of the intestinal epithelia and seems to improve its absorption capacity, in comparison with HS pigs fed diets containing solely protein-bound AA. This information is useful to formulate diets that correct the reduced AA consumption associated with the decreased voluntary feed intake of pigs under HS.

Project description:BackgroundThere is growing interest in carbohydrate and protein nutrition to enhance the efficiency of animal production. Reduced-crude protein diets depress environmental pollution and feeding cost, but the challenge to their adoption is maintaining digestive function and growth performance of birds. The present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of different dietary starch sources and protein levels on intestinal functionality and mucosal amino acid catabolism.MethodsSix dietary treatments, based on maize and soybean meal, were offered to 360 AA+ male chicks from 6 to 35 d post-hatch as a 3 × 2 factorial array. Either waxy rice or amylose was added to a conventional maize-soy diet to provide three sources of starch with different digestion rates and relatively high and low dietary protein levels. Growth performance, parameters of intestinal functionality and concentrations of free amino acid in the portal circulation were determined.ResultsIn the grower phase, starch source influenced (P < 0.02) weight gain as diets containing amylose supported significantly higher weight gains than waxy rice. Significant increase of ileal ATP concentrations and Na+/K+-ATPase activity were found in amylose treatment. Also, amylose decreased BrdU positive cell numbers and down-regulated mRNA expression for CASP-3. GOT activity in the ileum was higher (P < 0.01) in birds offered low protein diets and there was a trend (P = 0.057) for waxy rice as a starch source to increase ileal GOT activities. There was a significant influence on the concentration of seventeen amino acids in the portal circulation with tryptophan the one exception. Waxy rice as a starch source generated 13.6% and 22.4% numerically higher concentrations of non-essential amino acids than maize and amylose, respectively.ConclusionsAmino acid catabolism in the gut mucosa is subject to nutritional regulation. Given that amino acids can be spared from catabolism in the gut mucosa by supplementation of amylose, it follows their post-enteral availability would be improved and intestinal energy would be derived more efficiently from glucose.

Project description:This study aimed to investigate the effects of glucose oxidase (GOD) supplementation on growth performance, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of nutrients, intestinal morphology, and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and microbiota in the ileum of broilers. Six hundred 1-day-old male broilers were randomly allotted to four groups of 10 replicates each with 15 birds per replicate cage. The four treatments included the basal diet without antibiotics (Control) and the basal diet supplemented with 250, 500, or 1000 U GOD/kg diet (E250, E500 or E1000). The samples of different intestinal segments, ileal mucosa, and ileal digesta were collected on d 42. Dietary GOD supplementation did not affect daily bodyweight gain (DBWG) and the ratio of feed consumption and bodyweight gain (FCR) during d 1-21 (p > 0.05); however, the E250 treatment increased DBWG (p = 0.03) during d 22-42 as compared to control. Dietary GOD supplementation increased the AIDs of arginine, isoleucine, lysine, methionine, threonine, cysteine, serine, and tyrosine (p < 0.05), while no significant difference was observed among the GOD added groups. The E250 treatment increased the villus height of the jejunum and ileum. The concentrations of secreted immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in ileal mucosa and the contents of acetic acid and butyric acid in ileal digesta were higher in the E250 group than in the control (p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences among E500, E1000, and control groups. The E250 treatment increased the richness of ileal microbiota, but E500 and E100 treatment did not significantly affect it. Dietary E250 treatment increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes phylum and Lactobacillus genus, while it decreased the relative abundance of genus Escherichina-Shigella (p < 0.05). Phylum Fusobacteria only colonized in the ileal digesta of E500 treated broilers and E500 and E1000 did not affect the relative abundance of Firmicutes phylum and Lactobacillus and Escherichina-Shigella genera as compared to control. These results suggested that dietary supplementation of 250 U GOD/kg diet improves the growth performance of broilers during d 22-42, which might be associated with the alteration of the intestinal morphology, SCFAs composition, and ileal microbiota composition.

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Reduction in dietary lysine increases muscle free amino acids through changes in protein metabolism in chickens.

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Reduction in dietary lysine increases muscle free amino acids through changes in protein metabolism in chickens.

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