A role of oligodendrocytes in information processing.
Ontology highlight
ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Moore S
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7599337 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
Similar Datasets
Project description:Speakers track the probability that a word will occur in a particular context and utilize this information during phonetic processing. For example, content words that have high probability within a discourse tend to be realized with reduced acoustic/articulatory properties. Such probabilistic information may influence L1 and L2 speech processing in distinct ways (reflecting differences in linguistic experience across groups and the overall difficulty of L2 speech processing). To examine this issue, L1 and L2 speakers performed a referential communication task, describing sequences of simple actions. The two groups of speakers showed similar effects of discourse-dependent probabilistic information on production, suggesting that L2 speakers can successfully track discourse-dependent probabilities and use such information to modulate phonetic processing.
| S-EPMC5793886 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Neural oscillations are thought to reflect low-level operations that can be used for higher-level cognitive functions. Here, we investigated the role of brain rhythms in the 1-30 Hz range by recording MEG in human participants performing a visual delayed match-to-sample paradigm in which orientation or spatial frequency of sample and probe gratings had to be matched. A cue occurring before or after sample presentation indicated the to-be-matched feature. We demonstrate that alpha/beta power decrease tracks the presentation of the informative cue and indexes faster responses. Moreover, these faster responses coincided with an augmented phase alignment of slow oscillations, as well as phase-amplitude coupling between slow and fast oscillations. Importantly, stimulus decodability was boosted by both low alpha power and high beta power. In summary, we provide support for a comprehensive framework in which different rhythms play specific roles: slow rhythms control input sampling, while alpha (and beta) gates the information flow, beta recruits task-relevant circuits, and the timing of faster oscillations is controlled by slower ones.
| S-EPMC9480873 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The purposes are to evaluate the Distributed Clustering Algorithm (DCA) applicability in the power system's big data processing and find the information economic dispatch strategy suitable for new energy consumption in power systems. A two-layer DCA algorithm is proposed based on K-Means Clustering (KMC) and Affinity Propagation (AP) clustering algorithms. Then the incentive Demand Response (DR) is introduced, and the DR flexibility of the user side is analyzed. Finally, the day-ahead dispatch and real-time dispatch schemes are combined, and a multi-period information economic dispatch model is constructed. The algorithm performance is analyzed according to case analyses of new energy consumption. Results demonstrate that the two-layer DCA's calculation time is 5.23s only, the number of iterations is small, and the classification accuracy rate reaches 0.991. Case 2 corresponding to the proposed model can consume the new energy, and the income of the aggregator can be maximized. In short, the multi-period information economic dispatch model can consume the new energy and meet the DR of the user side.
| S-EPMC7951923 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Phagocytosis - the process by which macrophages, dendritic cells and other myeloid phagocytes internalize diverse particulate targets - is a key mechanism of innate immunity. The molecular and cellular events that underlie the binding of targets to a phagocyte and their engulfment into phagosomes have been extensively studied. More recent data suggest that the process of phagocytosis itself provides information to myeloid phagocytes about the nature of the targets they are engulfing and that this helps to tailor inflammatory responses. In this Review, we discuss how such information is acquired during phagocytosis and how it is processed to coordinate an immune response.
| S-EPMC5570470 | biostudies-other
Project description:Purpose Recent behavioral studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of implementing retrieval practice into learning tasks for children. Such approaches have revealed that repeated spaced retrieval (RSR) is particularly effective in promoting children's learning of word form and meaning information. This study further examines how retrieval practice enhances learning of word meaning information at the behavioral and neural levels. Method Twenty typically developing preschool children were taught novel words using an RSR learning schedule for some words and an immediate retrieval (IR) learning schedule for other words. In addition to the label, children were taught two arbitrary semantic features for each item. Following the teaching phase, children's learning was tested using recall tests. In addition, during the 1-week follow-up, children were presented with pictures and an auditory sentence that correctly labeled the item but stated correct or incorrect semantic information. Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were time locked to the onset of the words noting the semantic feature. Children provided verbal judgments of whether the semantic feature was correctly paired with the item. Results Children recalled more labels and semantic features for items that had been taught in the RSR learning schedule relative to the IR learning schedule. ERPs also differentiated the learning schedules. Mismatching label-meaning pairings elicited an N400 and late positive component (LPC) for both learning conditions; however, mismatching RSR pairs elicited an N400 with an earlier onset and an LPC with a longer duration, relative to IR mismatching label-meaning pairings. These ERP timing differences indicated that the children were more efficient in processing words that were taught in the RSR schedule relative to the IR learning schedule. Conclusions Spaced retrieval practice promotes learning of both word form and meaning information. The findings lay the necessary groundwork for better understanding of processing newly learned semantic information in preschool children. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.15063060.
| S-EPMC8740735 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Parallel processing circuits are thought to dramatically expand the network capabilities of the nervous system. Magnocellular and parvocellular oxytocin neurons have been proposed to subserve two parallel streams of social information processing, which allow a single molecule to encode a diverse array of ethologically distinct behaviors, although to date direct evidence to support this hypothesis is lacking. Here we provide the first comprehensive characterization of magnocellular and parvocellular oxytocin neurons, validated across anatomical, projection target, electrophysiological, and transcriptional criteria. We next used novel multiple feature selection tools in Fmr1 KO mice to provide direct evidence that normal functioning of the parvocellular but not magnocellular oxytocin pathway is required for autism-relevant social reward behavior. Finally, we demonstrate that autism risk genes are uniquely enriched in parvocellular oxytocin neurons. Taken together these results provide the first evidence that oxytocin pathway specific pathogenic mechanisms account for social impairments across a broad range of autism etiologies.
2020-03-18 | GSE147092 | GEO
Project description:The mechanistics by which ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers process (epi)genetic information to generate hallmark features of chromatin are fundamental for genome regulation. Here, we advance whole-genome reconstitutions into a fully definable, recombinant approach for probing how remodelers determine nucleosome positioning. Using wild type and structure-guided mutant versions of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae 15-subunit INO80 remodeler, we show that INO80-intrinsic nucleosome positioning relies on direct DNA shape read-out. This requires especially the interplay between the INO80 nuclear actin and core modules, to a lesser extent the HMG-box Nhp10 module and not histone modifications/variants or the Rvb1/2 AAA+-ATPase activity. Extrinsically, nucleosome positioning is guided by the barrier Reb1 via Ino80 ATPase activity modulation or by mere DNA double strand breaks. Taken together, we present a defined and unbiased approach to understand remodeler-mediated nucleosome positioning and delineate how INO80 processes genomic information into nucleosome positioning.
2020-04-30 | GSE145093 | GEO
Project description:Neurophysiological measurements suggest that human information processing is evinced by neuronal activity. However, the quantitative relationship between the activity of a brain region and its information processing capacity remains unclear. We introduce and validate a mathematical model of the information processing capacity of a brain region in terms of neuronal activity, input storage capacity, and the arrival rate of afferent information. We applied the model to fMRI data obtained from a flanker paradigm in young and old subjects. Our analysis showed that-for a given cognitive task and subject-higher information processing capacity leads to lower neuronal activity and faster responses. Crucially, processing capacity-as estimated from fMRI data-predicted task and age-related differences in reaction times, speaking to the model's predictive validity. This model offers a framework for modelling of brain dynamics in terms of information processing capacity, and may be exploited for studies of predictive coding and Bayes-optimal decision-making.
| S-EPMC8828878 | biostudies-literature
Project description:We present a theory of sequential information processing in persuasion (SIP). It extends assumptions of the heuristic-systematic model, in particular the idea that information encountered early in a persuasion situation may affect the processing of subsequent information. SIP also builds on the abstraction from content-related dichotomies in accord with the parametric unimodel of social judgment. SIP features one constitutional axiom and three main postulates: (A) Persuasion is the sequential processing of information that is relevant to judgment formation. (1) Inferences drawn from initial information may bias the processing of subsequent information if they are either activated rules or valence expectations that are relevant to the subsequent information. (2) Inferences drawn from initial information are resistant to change. Thus, the interpretation of subsequent information is assimilated to inferences drawn from the initial information. Or, if assimilation is impossible, contrast effects occur. (3) The overall effect of a persuasion attempt corresponds to the recipient's judgment at the moment the processing of information is terminated. We illustrate how our predictions for assimilation and contrast effects may be tested by presenting results from an experiment (N = 216) in which we presented exactly the same arguments but varied the processing sequence. We discuss theoretical and applied implications of sequence effects for persuasion phenomena, as well as challenges for further research developing and testing the theory.
| S-EPMC9487525 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Alterations in neocortical GABAergic interneurons (INs) have been affiliated with neuropsychiatric diseases, including schizophrenia (SZ). Significant progress has been made linking the function of a specific subtype of GABAergic cells, parvalbumin (PV) positive INs, to altered gamma-band oscillations, which, in turn, underlie perceptual and feedforward information processing in cortical circuits. Here, we review a smaller but growing volume of literature focusing on a separate subtype of neocortical GABAergic INs, somatostatin (SST) positive INs. Despite sharing similar neurodevelopmental origins, SSTs exhibit distinct morphology and physiology from PVs. Like PVs, SSTs are altered in postmortem brain samples from multiple neocortical regions in SZ, although basic and translational research into consequences of SST dysfunction has been relatively sparse. We highlight a growing body of work in rodents, which now indicates that SSTs may also underlie specific aspects of cortical circuit function, namely low-frequency oscillations, disinhibition, and mediation of cortico-cortical feedback. SSTs may thereby support the coordination of local cortical information processing with more global spatial, temporal, and behavioral context, including predictive coding and working memory. These functions are notably deficient in some cases of SZ, as well as other neuropsychiatric disorders, emphasizing the importance of focusing on SSTs in future translational studies. Finally, we highlight the challenges that remain, including subtypes within the SST class.
| S-EPMC8379548 | biostudies-literature