Dataset Information

Stabilization of source-separated urine by heat-activated peroxydisulfate.

ABSTRACT: Source-separated urine is an attractive fertilizer due to its high nutrient content, but the rapidly hydrolysis of urea leads to ammonia volatilization and other environmental problems. Urine stabilization, which meanly means preventing enzymatic urea hydrolysis, receives increasing attention. Accordingly, this study developed a technique to stabilize fresh urine by heat-activated peroxydisulfate (PDS). The effect of three crucial parameters, including temperature (55, 62.5, and 70 °C), heat-activated time (1, 2, and 3 h), and PDS concentration (10, 30, and 50 mM) that affect the activation of PDS in urine stabilization were investigated. Nitrogen in fresh urine treated with 50 mM PDS at 62.5 °C for 3 h existed mainly in the form of urea for more than 22 days at 25 °C. Moreover, the stabilized urine could remain stable and resist second contamination by continuous and slow pH decrease due to PDS decomposition during storage. Less than 8% of nitrogen loss in stabilized urine was detected during the experiment. The investigation of nitrogen transformation pathway demonstrated that urea was decomposed into NH₄⁺ by heat-activated PDS and further oxidized to NO₂^- and NO₃^-. The nitrogen loss during treatment occurred via heat-driven ammonia volatilization and N₂ emission produced by synproportionation of NO₂^- and NH₄⁺ under acid and thermal conditions. Overall, this study investigated an efficient approach of urine stabilization to improve urine utilization in terms of nutrient recovery.

SUBMITTER: Lv Y

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7607252 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Stabilization of source-separated urine by heat-activated peroxydisulfate.

Lv Yaping Y Li Zifu Z Zhou Xiaoqin X Cheng Shikun S Zheng Lei L

The Science of the total environment 20200909

Source-separated urine is an attractive fertilizer due to its high nutrient content, but the rapidly hydrolysis of urea leads to ammonia volatilization and other environmental problems. Urine stabilization, which meanly means preventing enzymatic urea hydrolysis, receives increasing attention. Accordingly, this study developed a technique to stabilize fresh urine by heat-activated peroxydisulfate (PDS). The effect of three crucial parameters, including temperature (55, 62.5, and 70 °C), heat-act ...[more]

PMID: 33370919

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Project description:Human polyomaviruses are emerging pathogens that infect a large percentage of the human population and are excreted in urine. Consequently, urine that is collected for fertilizer production often has high concentrations of polyomavirus genes. We studied the fate of infectious double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) BK human polyomavirus (BKPyV) in hydrolyzed source-separated urine with infectivity assays and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Although BKPyV genomes persisted in the hydrolyzed urine for long periods of time (T90 [time required for 90% reduction in infectivity or gene copies] of >3 weeks), the viruses were rapidly inactivated (T90 of 1.1 to 11 h) in most of the tested urine samples. Interestingly, the infectivity of dsDNA bacteriophage surrogate T3 (T90 of 24 to 46 days) was much more persistent than that of BKPyV, highlighting a major shortcoming of using bacteriophages as human virus surrogates. Pasteurization and filtration experiments suggest that BKPyV virus inactivation was due to microorganism activity in the source-separated urine, and SDS-PAGE Western blots showed that BKPyV protein capsid disassembly is concurrent with inactivation. Our results imply that stored urine does not pose a substantial risk of BKPyV transmission, that qPCR and infectivity of the dsDNA surrogate do not accurately depict BKPyV fate, and that microbial inactivation is driven by structural elements of the BKPyV capsid.IMPORTANCE We demonstrate that a common urinary tract virus has a high susceptibility to the conditions in hydrolyzed urine and consequently would not be a substantial exposure route to humans using urine-derived fertilizers. The results have significant implications for understanding virus fate. First, by demonstrating that the dsDNA (double-stranded DNA) genome of the polyomavirus lasts for weeks despite infectivity lasting for hours to days, our work highlights the shortcomings of using qPCR to estimate risks from unculturable viruses. Second, commonly used dsDNA surrogate viruses survived for weeks under the same conditions that BK polyomavirus survived for only hours, highlighting issues with using virus surrogates to predict how human viruses will behave in the environment. Finally, our mechanistic inactivation analysis provides strong evidence that microbial activity drives rapid virus inactivation, likely through capsid disassembly. Overall, our work underlines how subtle structural differences between viruses can greatly impact their environmental fate.

Dataset Information

Stabilization of source-separated urine by heat-activated peroxydisulfate.

Publications

Stabilization of source-separated urine by heat-activated peroxydisulfate.

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