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Potato dry rot disease: current status, pathogenomics and management.

ABSTRACT: Potato dry rot disease caused by Fusarium species is a major threat to global potato production. The soil and seed-borne diseases influence the crop stand by inhibiting the development of potato sprouts and cause severe rots in seed tubers, table and processing purpose potatoes in cold stores. The symptoms of the dry rot include sunken and wrinkled brown to black tissue patches on tubers having less dry matter and shriveled flesh. Fungal infection accompanied by toxin development in the rotten tubers raises more concern for consumer health. The widespread dry rot causing fungal species (Fusarium graminearum) is reported to have a hemibiotrophic lifestyle. A cascade of enzymes, toxins and small secreted proteins are involved in the pathogenesis of these hemibiotrophs. With the availability of the genome sequence of the most devastating species Fusarium sambucinum, it is important to identify the potential pathogenicity factors and small secreted proteins that will help in designing management strategies. Limited resistant cultivars and the emergence of fungicide-resistant strains have made it more threatening for potato cultivation and trade. Several novel fungicide molecules (Azoxystrobin, chlorothalonil and fludioxonil), are found very effective as tuber treatment chemicals. Besides, many beneficial bioagents and safer chemicals have shown antibiosis and mycoparasitism against this pathogen. Germplasm screening for dry rot resistance is important to assist the resistance breeding program for the development of resistant cultivars. This review aims to draw attention to the symptomatology, infection process, pathogenomics, the role of toxins and management approaches for potato dry rot disease, which is very much critical in designing better management strategies.

SUBMITTER: Tiwari RK

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7609731 | biostudies-literature |

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Project description:BackgroundRalstonia solanacearum causes potato brown rot disease, resulting in lower crop's production and quality. A sustainable and eco-friendly method for controlling the disease is required. Algae's bioactive chemicals have shown the potential to enhance plant defenses. For the first time, the efficacy of foliar application of Acanthophora spicifera and Spirulina platensis seaweed extracts, along with the utilization of dried algal biomasses (DABs) of Turbinaria ornata and a mixture of Caulerpa racemosa and Cystoseira myrica (1:1)on potato yield and brown rot suppression were investigated under field conditions. Field experiments were conducted in three locations: Location 1 (Kafr Shukr district, Kaliobeya governorate), Location 2 (Moneira district, Kaliobeya governorate), and Location 3 (Talia district, Minufyia governorate). Locations 1 and 2 were naturally infested with the pathogen, while location 3 was not. The study evaluated potato yield, plant nutritive status and antioxidants, soil available nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (N-P-K), and organic matter percentage. Additionally, the shift in soil microbial diversity related to R. solanacearum suppression was examined for the most effective treatment.ResultsThe results revealed that seaweed extracts significantly increased potato yield at all locations, which correlated with higher phosphorus absorption, while T. ornate DAB increased potato yield only at location 2, accompanied by noticeable increases in soil nitrogen and plant phosphorus. The mixed DABs of C. racemosa and C. myrica demonstrated greater disease suppression than foliar applications. The disease-suppressive effect of the mixed DABs was accompanied by significant increases in flavonoids and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Moreover, the application of mixed DABs increased soil bacterial biodiversity, with a higher abundance of oligotrophic marine bacterial species such as Sphingopyxis alaskensis and growth-promoting species like Glutamicibacter arilaitensis, Promicromonospora sp., and Paenarthrobacter nitroguajacolicus in all three locations compared to the untreated control. Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas putida, and P. brassicacearum abundances were increased by the mixed DABs in Location 1. These species were less abundant in locations 2 and 3, where Streptomyces sp., Bacillus sp., and Sphingobium vermicomposti were prevalent.ConclusionsThe results demonstrated that the used seaweed extracts improved potato yield and phosphorous absorption, while the mixed DABs potentially contributed in disease suppression and improved soil microbial diversity.

Project description:Bacterial soft rot diseases caused by Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp. affect a wide range of crops, including potatoes, a major food crop. As of today, farmers mostly rely on sanitary practices, water management, and plant nutrition for control. We tested the bacterial predators Bdellovibrio and like organisms (BALOs) to control potato soft rot. BALOs are small, motile predatory bacteria found in terrestrial and aquatic environments. They prey on a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria, including animal and plant pathogens. To this end, BALO strains HD100, 109J, and a ΔmerRNA derivative of HD100 were shown to efficiently prey on various rot-causing strains of Pectobacterium and Dickeya solani BALO control of maceration caused by a highly virulent strain of Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasilense was then tested in situ using a potato slice assay. All BALO strains were highly effective at reducing disease, up to complete prevention. Effectivity was concentration dependent, and BALOs applied before P. carotovorum subsp. brasilense inoculation performed significantly better than those applied after the disease-causing agent, maybe due to in situ consumption of glucose by the prey, as glucose metabolism by live prey bacteria was shown to prevent predation. Dead predators and the supernatant of BALO cultures did not significantly prevent maceration, indicating that predation was the major mechanism for the prevention of the disease. Finally, plastic resistance to predation was affected by prey and predator population parameters, suggesting that population dynamics affect prey response to predation.IMPORTANCE Bacterial soft rot diseases caused by Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp. are among the most important plant diseases caused by bacteria. Among other crops, they inflict large-scale damage to potatoes. As of today, farmers have few options to control them. The bacteria Bdellovibrio and like organisms (BALOs) are obligate predators of bacteria. We tested their potential to prey on Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp. and to protect potato. We show that different BALOs can prey on soft rot-causing bacteria and prevent their growth in situ, precluding tissue maceration. Dead predators and the supernatant of BALO cultures did not significantly prevent maceration, showing that the effect is due to predation. Soft rot control by the predators was concentration dependent and was higher when the predator was inoculated ahead of the prey. As residual prey remained, we investigated what determines their level and found that initial prey and predator population parameters affect prey response to predation.

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Potato dry rot disease: current status, pathogenomics and management.

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