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Toddlers prefer those who win but not when they win by force.

ABSTRACT: Social hierarchies occur across human societies, so all humans must navigate them. Infants can detect when one individual outranks another1-3, but it is unknown whether they approach others based on their social status. This paper presents a series of seven experiments investigating whether toddlers prefer high- or low-ranking individuals. Toddlers aged 21-31 months watched a zero-sum, right-of-way conflict between two puppets, in which one puppet 'won' because the other yielded the way. Of the 23 toddlers who participated, 20 reached for the puppet that 'won'. However, when one puppet used force and knocked the other puppet down in order to win, 18 out of 22 toddlers reached for the puppet that 'lost'. Five follow-up experiments ruled out alternative explanations for these results. The findings suggest that humans, from a very early age, not only recognize relative status but also incorporate status into their decisions about whether to approach or avoid others, in a way that differs from our nearest primate relatives4.

SUBMITTER: Thomas AJ

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7654717 | biostudies-literature | 2018 Sep

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Toddlers prefer those who win but not when they win by force.

Thomas Ashley J AJ Thomsen Lotte L Lukowski Angela F AF Abramyan Meline M Sarnecka Barbara W BW

Nature human behaviour 20180907 9

Social hierarchies occur across human societies, so all humans must navigate them. Infants can detect when one individual outranks another<sup>1-3</sup>, but it is unknown whether they approach others based on their social status. This paper presents a series of seven experiments investigating whether toddlers prefer high- or low-ranking individuals. Toddlers aged 21-31 months watched a zero-sum, right-of-way conflict between two puppets, in which one puppet 'won' because the other yielded the w ...[more]

PMID: 31346282

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Project description:ContextThere is growing recognition that food systems must adapt to become more sustainable and equitable. Consequently, in developing country contexts, there is increasing momentum away from traditional producer-facing value chain upgrades towards efforts to increase both the availability and affordability of nutritious foods at the consumer level. However, such goals must navigate the inherent complexities of agricultural value chains, which involve multiple interactions, feedbacks and unintended consequences, including important but often surprising trade-offs between producers and consumers.Objective and methodsBased around the 'Loop' horticultural aggregation scheme of Digital Green in Bihar, India, we develop a system dynamics modelling framework to survey the value chain trade-offs emerging from upgrades that aim to improve the availability of fruits and vegetables in small retail-oriented markets. We model the processes of horticultural production, aggregation, marketing, and retailing - searching for futures that are 'win-win-win' for: (i) the availability of fruits and vegetables in small retail markets, (ii) the profits of farmers participating in aggregation, and (iii) the sustainability of the initial scheme for Digital Green as an organisation. We simulate two internal upgrades to aggregation and two upgrades to the wider enabling environment through a series of 5000 Monte Carlo trajectories - designed to explore the plausible future dynamics of the three outcome dimensions relative to the baseline.ResultsWe find that 'win-win-win' futures cannot be achieved by internal changes to the aggregation scheme alone, emerging under a narrow range of scenarios that boost supplies to the small retail market whilst simultaneously supporting the financial takeaways of farmers. In contrast, undesirable producer versus consumer trade-offs emerge as unintended consequences of scaling-up aggregation and the introduction of market-based cold storage.SignificanceThis approach furthers ongoing efforts to capture complex value chain processes, outcomes and upgrades within system dynamics modelling frameworks, before scanning the horizon of plausible external scenarios, internal dynamics and unintended trade-offs to identify 'win-win-win' futures for all.

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Toddlers prefer those who win but not when they win by force.

Publications

Toddlers prefer those who win but not when they win by force.

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