Dataset Information

Effects of Coloring Food Images on the Propensity to Eat: A Placebo Approach With Color Suggestions.

ABSTRACT: Background:Research findings on the appetite-enhancing effect of the color red and the appetite-reducing effect of blue have been inconsistent. The present study used a placebo approach and investigated whether verbal suggestions can enhance color-appetite effects. Method:A total of 448 women participated in two experiments. They viewed images with differently colored sweet foods (original color, blue, red, colorless (black-and-white); experiment 1; n = 217) or sweet foods on blue, red, white, and gray backgrounds; experiment 2; n = 231). Before viewing the images, half of the participants received information about the effects of red and blue food color on appetite (color suggestion). The other half received no suggestion. For each of the experiments, the reported propensity to eat (food wanting) was compared between the conditions. Results:All colored food items were associated with a lower propensity to eat compared to the food items in the original color. The color suggestion (compared to no suggestion) additionally decreased the propensity to eat blue and black-and-white food items. Colored backgrounds did not influence food wanting. Conclusion:This study demonstrated that red and blue coloring of visual food cues did not have the predicted effects on food wanting. However, the combination of specific food colors with specific color suggestions might be useful to change the willingness to eat sweet products.

SUBMITTER: Schlintl C

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7658407 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Effects of Coloring Food Images on the Propensity to Eat: A Placebo Approach With Color Suggestions.

Schlintl Carina C Schienle Anne A

Frontiers in psychology 20201029

<h4>Background</h4>Research findings on the appetite-enhancing effect of the color red and the appetite-reducing effect of blue have been inconsistent. The present study used a placebo approach and investigated whether verbal suggestions can enhance color-appetite effects.<h4>Method</h4>A total of 448 women participated in two experiments. They viewed images with differently colored sweet foods (original color, blue, red, colorless (black-and-white); experiment 1; <i>n</i> = 217) or sweet foods ...[more]

PMID: 33192928

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Project description:Placebo and nocebo effects have been shown to influence subjective symptoms such as itch. These effects can be induced by influencing outcome expectations through, for example, combining the application of an inert substance (e.g., a cream) with verbal suggestions on the anticipated effects of this substance. Interestingly, placebo effects also occur when it is known that a treatment is inert (i.e., open-label placebo). However, no study to date has examined the efficacy of negative and positive verbal suggestions under similar open-label and closed-label (i.e., concealed placebo/nocebo) conditions in itch. A randomized controlled between-subjects study design was applied in which healthy volunteers (n = 92) were randomized to 1) an open-label positive verbal suggestion group, 2) a closed-label positive verbal suggestion group, 3) an open-label negative verbal suggestion group, or 4) a closed-label negative verbal suggestion group. Verbal suggestions were made regarding the topical application of an inert substance. Itch was evoked experimentally by histamine iontophoresis at baseline and again following suggestions. Itch expectations, self-reported itch during and following iontophoresis, and skin response parameters were measured. Positive suggestions were found to result in significantly lower expected itch than were negative suggestions in both open- and closed-label conditions. No effects of the suggestions on itch during iontophoresis were found, but significantly lower itch was reported in the 4 min following iontophoresis in the (combined open- and closed-label) positive compared with negative verbal suggestion groups. In addition, a smaller increase in skin temperature was found in the positive compared with negative suggestion groups. The findings illustrate a potential role of (open- and closed-label) placebo for optimizing expectations and treatment effects for itch in clinical practice. Clinical Trial Registration: Netherlands Trial Register, trial number: NTR6530.

Project description:BackgroundLack of robust research methodology for assessing ingestive behavior has impeded clarification of the mediators of food intake following gastric bypass (GBP) surgery.ObjectivesTo evaluate changes in directly measured 24-h energy intake (EI), energy density (ED) (primary outcomes), eating patterns, and food preferences (secondary outcomes) in patients and time-matched weight-stable comparator participants.MethodsPatients [n = 31, 77% female, BMI (in kg/m2) 45.5 ± 1.3] and comparators (n = 32, 47% female, BMI 27.2 ± 0.8) were assessed for 36 h under fully residential conditions at baseline (1 mo presurgery) and at 3 and 12 mo postsurgery. Participants had ad libitum access to a personalized menu (n = 54 foods) based on a 6-macronutrient mix paradigm. Food preferences were assessed by the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire. Body composition was measured by whole-body DXA.ResultsIn the comparator group, there was an increase in relative fat intake at 3 mo postsurgery; otherwise, no changes were observed in food intake or body composition. At 12 mo postsurgery, patients lost 27.7 ± 1.6% of initial body weight (P < 0.001). The decline in EI at 3 mo postsurgery (-44% from baseline, P < 0.001) was followed by a partial rebound at 12 mo (-18% from baseline), but at both times, dietary ED and relative macronutrient intake remained constant. The decline in EI was due to eating the same foods as consumed presurgery and by decreasing the size (g, MJ), but not the number, of eating occasions. In patients, reduction in explicit liking at 3 mo (-11.56 ± 4.67, P = 0.007) and implicit wanting at 3 (-15.75 ± 7.76, P = 0.01) and 12 mo (-15.18 ± 6.52, P = 0.022) for sweet foods were not matched by reduced intake of these foods. Patients with the greatest reduction in ED postsurgery reduced both EI and preference for sweet foods.ConclusionsAfter GBP, patients continue to eat the same foods but in smaller amounts. These findings challenge prevailing views about the dynamics of food intake following GBP surgery. This trial was registered as clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03113305.

Dataset Information

Effects of Coloring Food Images on the Propensity to Eat: A Placebo Approach With Color Suggestions.

Publications

Effects of Coloring Food Images on the Propensity to Eat: A Placebo Approach With Color Suggestions.

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