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Visual estimates of blood loss by medical laypeople: Effects of blood loss volume, victim gender, and perspective.

ABSTRACT: A severe hemorrhage can result in death within minutes, before professional first responders have time to arrive. Thus, intervention by bystanders, who may lack medical training, may be necessary to save a victim's life in situations with bleeding injuries. Proper intervention requires that bystanders accurately assess the severity of the injury and respond appropriately. As many bystanders lack tools and training, they are limited in terms of the information they can use in their evaluative process. In hemorrhage situations, visible blood loss may serve as a dominant cue to action. Therefore, understanding how medically untrained bystanders (i.e., laypeople) perceive hemorrhage is important. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the ability of laypeople to visually assess blood loss and to examine factors that may impact accuracy and the classification of injury severity. A total of 125 laypeople watched 78 short videos each of individuals experiencing a hemorrhage. Victim gender, volume of blood lost, and camera perspective were systematically manipulated in the videos. The results revealed that laypeople overestimated small volumes of blood loss (from 50 to 200 ml), and underestimated larger volumes (from 400 to 1900 ml). Larger volumes of blood loss were associated with larger estimation errors. Further, blood loss was underestimated more for female victims than male victims and their hemorrhages were less likely to be classified as life-threatening. These results have implications for training and intervention design.

SUBMITTER: Phillips R

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7660581 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Visual estimates of blood loss by medical laypeople: Effects of blood loss volume, victim gender, and perspective.

Phillips Rachel R Friberg Marc M Lantz Cronqvist Mattias M Jonson Carl-Oscar CO Prytz Erik E

PloS one 20201112 11

A severe hemorrhage can result in death within minutes, before professional first responders have time to arrive. Thus, intervention by bystanders, who may lack medical training, may be necessary to save a victim's life in situations with bleeding injuries. Proper intervention requires that bystanders accurately assess the severity of the injury and respond appropriately. As many bystanders lack tools and training, they are limited in terms of the information they can use in their evaluative pro ...[more]

PMID: 33180812

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Project description:BackgroundThe term second victim describes a healthcare professional who has been involved in an adverse event and feels wounded by the event. The effects of this experience differ. It can present as second victim syndrome, describing a wide range and degree of emotional and behavioural responses. Studies show that medical students can also experience second victim. The aim of this study was to elucidate medical students' experiences, perceptions, and management of second victim and second victim syndrome and to describe possible learning needs around these issues.MethodsThirteen medical students and two recent medical graduates participated in semi-structured focus group interviews. The interviews lasted 1.5-2 h and were audiotaped, transcribed, and analysed using Braun and Clarke's six-step approach for thematic analysis.ResultsFour main themes were identified: contributing factors; current coping strategies; perception of own requirements and learning needs; wishes for the future healthcare system. Students' behavioural and emotional response to dilemmas were affected by stakeholders and practices embedded in the healthcare system. Students described patient-injury and unexpected events as triggers for second victim, but also harmful interactions with individuals and feelings of self-blame. Students' coping centred around their network, formal offers, and separation of personal- and work-life. Students sought a clear definition of second victim and a desire for role-models. Students' wished to learn how to handle feeling like a burden to others, managing waiting time after patient complaints, and learning how to help second victims recover. Students emphasized the importance of the healthcare organisation understanding students' needs and providing them relevant support.ConclusionStudents experience second victim as described in the literature. Students' emotional responses were caused by classical second victim triggers, but also other triggers in the educational environment: harmful interactions and self-blame. Although some triggers differ from the second victim definition, these different triggers should be considered equally serious and acknowledged. We must aim to prepare students for future adverse events and emotional responses. The health organisation and healthcare professionals must support students' mental well-being and contribute to ideal conditions for students' professional development and management of second victim as future physicians.

Dataset Information

Visual estimates of blood loss by medical laypeople: Effects of blood loss volume, victim gender, and perspective.

Publications

Visual estimates of blood loss by medical laypeople: Effects of blood loss volume, victim gender, and perspective.

Similar Datasets

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