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Combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer improves rice yield, microbial activity and N-metabolism in a pot experiment.

ABSTRACT: The excessive use of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers in rice (Oryza sativa L.) has resulted in high N loss, soil degradation, and environmental pollution in a changing climate. Soil biochar amendment is proposed as a climate change mitigation tool that supports carbon sequestration and reduces N losses and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the soil. The current study evaluated the impact of four different rates of biochar (B) (C/B0-0 t ha-1, B1-20 t ha-1, B2-40 t ha-1, and B3-60 t ha-1) and two N levels (N1; low (270 kg N ha-1) and N2; high (360 kg N ha-1)), on rice (cultivar Zhenguiai) grown in pots. Significant increases in the average soil microbial biomass N (SMBN) (88%) and carbon (87%) were recorded at the highest rate of 60-ton ha-1B and 360 kg N ha-1 compared to the control (N1C) during both seasons (S1 and S2). The photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), quantum yield of the photosystem (PS) II (?PS II), electron transport rate (ETR), and photochemical quenching (qP) were enhanced at low rates of biochar applications (20 to 40 t B ha-1) for high and low N rates across the seasons. Nitrate reductase (NR), glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamine 2-oxoglutarate aminotransferase (GOGAT) activity were, on average, 39%, 55%, and 63% higher in the N1B3, N2B2, and N2B3 treatments, respectively than the N1C. The grain quality was higher in the N1B3 treatment than the N1C, i.e., the protein content (PC), amylose content (AC), percent brown rice (BRP), and percent milled rice (MRP) were, on average, 16%, 28%, 4.6%, and 5% higher, respectively in both seasons. The results of this study indicated that biochar addition to the soil in combination with N fertilizers increased the dry matter (DM) content, N uptake, and grain yield of rice by 24%, 27%, and 64%, respectively, compared to the N1C.

SUBMITTER: Ali I

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7668215 | biostudies-literature | 2020

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer improves rice yield, microbial activity and N-metabolism in a pot experiment.

Ali Izhar I Ullah Saif S He Liang L Zhao Quan Q Iqbal Anas A Wei Shangqing S Shah Tariq T Ali Niyaz N Bo Yan Y Adnan Muhammad M Amanullah Jiang Ligeng L

PeerJ 20201113

The excessive use of synthetic nitrogen (N) fertilizers in rice (Oryza sativa L.) has resulted in high N loss, soil degradation, and environmental pollution in a changing climate. Soil biochar amendment is proposed as a climate change mitigation tool that supports carbon sequestration and reduces N losses and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the soil. The current study evaluated the impact of four different rates of biochar (B) (C/B0-0 t ha-1, B1-20 t h ...[more]

PMID: 33240639

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Project description:Combined application of biochar and nitrogen (N) fertilizer could offer opportunities to increase rice yield and reduce methane emissions from paddy fields. However, this strategy may increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, hence its interactive effects on GHG emissions, global warming potential (GWP) and GHG intensity (GHGI) remained poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review to i) evaluate the overall effects of combined application of biochar and N fertilizer rates on GHGs emissions, GWP, rice yield, and GHGI, ii) determine the quantities of biochar and N-fertilizer application that increase rice yield and reduce GHGs emissions and GHGI, and iii) examine the effects of biochar and different types of nitrogen fertilizers on rice yield, GHGs, GWP, and GHGI using data from 45 research articles and 183 paired observations. The extracted data were grouped based on biochar and N rates used by researchers as well as N fertiliser types. Accordingly, biochar rates were grouped into low (≤9 tons/ha), medium (>9 and ≤ 20 ton/ha) and high (>20 tons/ha), while N rates were grouped into three categories: low (≤140 kg N/ha), medium (>140 and ≤ 240 kg N/ha), and high (>240 kg N/ha). For fertiliser types, N rates were grouped as: low (≤150 kg N/ha), medium (>150 and ≤250 kg N/ha), and high (>250 kg N/ha) and N types into: urea, NPK, NPK plus urea (NPK_urea) and NPK plus (NH4)2SO4 (NPK_(NH4)2SO4). Results showed that biochar and N fertiliser significantly affected GHGs emissions, GWP, GHGI and rice yield. Compared to control (i.e., sole N application), co-application of high biochar and medium N rates significantly decreased CH4 emission (82 %) while low biochar with low N rates enhanced CH4 emission (114 %). In contrast, high biochar combined with low N decreased N2O emission by 91 % whereas medium biochar and high N rates resulted in 82 % increase in N2O emission relative to control. The highest GWP and GHGI were observed under co-application of medium biochar and low N rates. Highest rice yield was observed under low biochar rate and high N rate. Regardless of N fertiliser type and biochar rates, increasing N rates increased rice yield and N2O emissions. The highest GWP and GHGI were recorded under sole NPK application. Combination of low biochar and medium N produced low GHGs emissions, high grain yield, and the lowest GHGI, and could be recommended to smallholder farmers to increase rice yield and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from paddy rice field. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate the effects of biochar properties on soil characteristics and greenhouse gas emissions.

Project description:Excessive reliance on chemical fertilizer (CF) in conventional farming is a serious concern owing to its negative effects on soil health, the environment, and crop productivity. Organic manure is an alternative source of fertilizer to reduce the amount of CF usage in agriculture, decrease environmental pollution, and ensure sustainable crop production. This study assessed the integrated effect of poultry manure (PM) and cattle manure (CM) with CF on soil properties, plant physiology, and rice grain yield. Additionally, the difference in pre-and post-anthesis dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) accumulation and their relationship with grain yield was also determined. Pot experiments were performed in the early and late growing season at the experimental station of Guangxi University, China, in 2018. A total of six treatments, i.e., T1-CF0; T2-100% CF; T3-60% CM + 40% CF; T4-30% CM + 70% CF; T5-60% PM + 40% CF, and T6-30% PM + 70% CF were used in this pot experiment. Results showed that T6 enhanced leaf photosynthetic efficiency by 11% and 16%, chlorophyll content by 8% and 11%, panicle number by 12% and 16%, and grain yield by 11% and 15% in the early and late seasons, respectively, compared to T2. Similarly1, post-anthesis N and DM accumulation, N uptake, and soil properties (i.e., soil organic carbon, total N, and bulk density) were improved with integrated CF and manure treatments over the sole CF treatments. Interestingly, increases in post-anthesis N uptake and DM production were further supported by enhanced N-metabolizing enzyme activities (i.e., nitrate reductase, glutamine synthetase, and glutamate oxoglutarate aminotransferase during the grain-filling period in combined treatments. In-addition, the linear regression analysis showed that post-anthesis DM (R2 = 0.95) and N (R2 = 0.96) accumulation were highly associated with grain yield of rice. Thus, the combination of 30% N from PM or CM with 70% N from CF (i.e., urea) is a promising option for improvement of soil quality and rice grain yield. Furthermore, our study provides a sustainable nutrient management plan to increase rice yield with high N use efficiency.

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Project description:IntroductionThe soil microbial community plays an important role in modulating cotton soil fertility. However, the effects of chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer on soil chemical properties, microbial community structure, and crop yield and quality in arid areas are still unclear. This study aimed to explore the effects of different organic fertilizers on soil microbial community structure and diversity and cotton growth and yield.MethodsHigh-throughput sequencing was used to study the soil bacteria and fungi in different growth stages of cotton. The field fertilization experiment had five treatments.ResultsThe results indicated that the treatments of chemical fertilizer reduction combined with organic fertilizer significantly increased soil available nitrogen and phosphorus in cotton field. There were significant differences in the abundance of the bacterial and fungal communities in the dominant phyla among the treatments. At the phyla level, there were not significantly different in the diversity of bacteria and fungi among treatments. There were significant differences in the composition and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities during the entire cotton growth period (p = 0.001). The rhizosphere bacterial and fungal community structure was significantly affected by soil TK, NH4+, AK, TP, AN, and NO3-. The different fertilization treatments strongly influenced the modular structure of the soil bacterial and fungal community co-occurrence network. A reduction in chemical fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer significantly improved cotton stem diameter and seed yield, and the effect of the biological organic fertilizer on plant growth and yield formation was greater than that of ordinary organic fertilizer.DiscussionThis study provide a scientific and technical basis for the establishment of environmentally friendly green fertilization technology for cotton in arid areas and the promotion of sustainable development of cotton industry.

Project description:Irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer application are two important factors affecting yield and nitrogen loss in rice fields; however, the interaction effects of different irrigation schedules and combined management of nitrogen fertilizer application on yield and nitrogen loss in rice fields remain unknown. Therefore, we collected 327 sets of data on rice yield and 437 sets of data on nitrogen loss in rice fields from 2000 to 2021 and investigated the effects of different water-saving irrigation schedules, nitrogen application levels, and water-nitrogen couplings on rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency, and nitrogen loss (N2O emissions, nitrogen runoff, nitrogen leaching, and ammonia volatilization) by meta-analysis using conventional flooding irrigation and no nitrogen treatment as controls. The results showed that alternate wet and dry irrigation and controlled irrigation had increasing effects on rice yield. Alternate wet and dry irrigation had a significant yield-increasing effect (average 2.57% increase) and dry cultivation significantly reduced rice yield with an average 21.25% yield reduction. Water-saving irrigation reduces nitrogen runoff and leaching losses from rice fields but increases N2O emissions, and alternate wet and dry irrigation has a significant effect on increasing N2O emissions, with an average increase of 67.77%. Most water-saving irrigation can increase nitrogen use efficiency. Among water-saving irrigation methods, the effect of controlled irrigation on increasing nitrogen use efficiency is 1.06%. Rice yield and nitrogen use efficiency both showed a trend of increasing then decreasing with nitrogen fertilizer application, and nitrogen loss gradually increased with the amount of nitrogen fertilizer input. Water-nitrogen coupling management can significantly reduce nitrogen loss in rice fields while saving water and increasing yield. Based on the analysis of the data in this study, when the irrigation amount was 300~350 mm and the nitrogen application amount was 200~250 kg/ha, the rice yield and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency were at a high level, which corresponded to the irrigation schedule of controlled irrigation or alternating wet and dry irrigation in the literature. However, different rice-growing areas are affected by rainfall and land capability, etc. Further optimization and correction of the adapted water and fertilizer management system for paddy fields are needed. The optimal water-nitrogen pattern of this study can achieve high rice yield and reduce nitrogen loss.

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Combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer improves rice yield, microbial activity and N-metabolism in a pot experiment.

Publications

Combined application of biochar and nitrogen fertilizer improves rice yield, microbial activity and N-metabolism in a pot experiment.

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