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Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Phytochemicals from Honey against COVID-19: Potential Mechanisms of Action and Future Directions.

ABSTRACT: The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has recently put the world under stress, resulting in a global pandemic. Currently, there are no approved treatments or vaccines, and this severe respiratory illness has cost many lives. Despite the established antimicrobial and immune-boosting potency described for honey, to date there is still a lack of evidence about its potential role amid COVID-19 outbreak. Based on the previously explored antiviral effects and phytochemical components of honey, we review here evidence for its role as a potentially effective natural product against COVID-19. Although some bioactive compounds in honey have shown potential antiviral effects (i.e., methylglyoxal, chrysin, caffeic acid, galangin and hesperidinin) or enhancing antiviral immune responses (i.e., levan and ascorbic acid), the mechanisms of action for these compounds are still ambiguous. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work exclusively summarizing all these bioactive compounds with their probable mechanisms of action as antiviral agents, specifically against SARS-CoV-2.

SUBMITTER: Al-Hatamleh MAI

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7672575 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Phytochemicals from Honey against COVID-19: Potential Mechanisms of Action and Future Directions.

Al-Hatamleh Mohammad A I MAI Hatmal Ma'mon M MM Sattar Kamran K Ahmad Suhana S Mustafa Mohd Zulkifli MZ Bittencourt Marcelo De Carvalho MC Mohamud Rohimah R

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 20201029 21

The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has recently put the world under stress, resulting in a global pandemic. Currently, there are no approved treatments or vaccines, and this severe respiratory illness has cost many lives. Despite the established antimicrobial and immune-boosting potency described for honey, to date there is still a lack of evidence about its potential role amid COVID-19 outbreak. Based on the previously ...[more]

PMID: 33138197

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Project description:Background and aim Natural metabolites are rich in neuroactive and anti-inflammatory phytochemicals. Soapwort or Saponaria officinalis (Sap) has been utilized for its immunomodulatory and ant-rheumatic properties. Thus, the aim is to exploit Sap phytochemically and to investigate Sap isolated active phytochemicals effect to modulate diabetic neuropathy and inflammation, and their possible mechanisms of action. Experimental procedure Bio-guided chromatographic fractionation and phytochemical isolation of the most abundant Sap phytochemicals utilizing RP-HPLC, 13C, and 1H NMR, in-vivo models of diabetes, diabetic neuropathy, and inflammation were used. Glucometers, HbA1c micro-columns, in-vivo hind-paw edema, tail-flick, hot plate, and Von-Frey filaments methods were utilized to investigate the acute, subchronic, and long term diabetes, inflammation, hyperalgesia, and mechanical allodynia. In-vivo antioxidant, inhibitory alpha-amylase, and alpha-glucosidase, and serum insulin levels, IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-alpha cytokines levels were utilized to investigate Sap mechanisms of action. Results and conclusion The phytochemical post-hydrolysis RP-HPLC investigation results show six major peaks; Quillaic acid (12.5%), Quillaic acid 22 β-OH (11.25%), Gypsogenin (21.25%), Phytolaccinic acid (18.75%), Phytolaccinic acid (17.50%), and Echynocystic acid (15.10%). The bio-guided chromatographic fractionation investigation utilizing reversed phase HPLC, 13C and 1H NMR has shown that Quillaic acid (QA) is the most abundant and biologically active compound. Sap 20 mg/kg has shown the highest potency in normalization of blood glucose level (BGL) acutely (6-h), subchronically (eight-days), and longer-term (eight-weeks) correlated to Sap 10 and 7 mg/kg, and QA 0.7, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg. The highest amelioration of diabetic neuropathy (thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia) was Sap 20 mg/kg. The anti-inflammatory potentials of Sap 20 mg/kg have shown dominance in decreasing carrageenan-induced in-vivo hind-paw edema. The anti-nociceptive mechanism of action might be due to Sap insulin secretagogue and the in-vivo antioxidant potentials. The reduction of IL-6 cytokines and TNF-alpha, along with the elevation of the IL-10 cytokine level might be the underlying Sap anti-inflammatory mechanism. Phytochemically, QA has shown to be the most abundant and biologically active compound in Sap extract. Sap has shown significant (p < 0.05) anti-diabetic, anti-diabetic neuropathy, and anti-inflammatory effects. Our results provide new insights into the potential effects of Saponaria and Quillaic acid as future alternative therapies against diabetic neuropathy and inflammation. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Sap and QA were the most potent antidiabetic neuropathy and anti-inflammatory compounds.• The mechanism: TNF-α and IL-6 reduction, IL-10 increase, and antioxidant effect.• Efficient natural extract and active compound improving inflammatory and diabetic neuropathy.

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Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Phytochemicals from Honey against COVID-19: Potential Mechanisms of Action and Future Directions.

Publications

Antiviral and Immunomodulatory Effects of Phytochemicals from Honey against COVID-19: Potential Mechanisms of Action and Future Directions.

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