ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Neurobehavioral factors, including reward-related eating and self-regulation, in conjunction with the food environment, may influence dietary behaviors. However, these constructs have not been examined in pregnancy and postpartum, a time of changing appetite and eating behaviors, and when dietary intake has implications for maternal and child health. This study examined associations of reward-related eating, self-regulation, and the home food environment with pregnancy and postpartum diet quality. METHODS:Participants in the Pregnancy Eating Attributes Study observational cohort were enrolled at ?12?weeks gestation and followed through one-year postpartum. Pregnancy and postpartum Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-total), and adequacy and moderation scores, respectively, were calculated by pooling 24-h diet recalls administered each trimester and during 2, 6, and 12?months postpartum. Participants completed four measures of reward-related eating - Modified Yale Food Addiction Scale (mYFAS), Power of Food Scale (PFS), Multiple Choice Procedure (MCP), and Reinforcing Value of Food Questionnaire (RVFQ); two measures of self-regulation - Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) and Delay of Gratification Inventory (DGI); and a Home Food Inventory (HFI), yielding obesogenic (OBES) and fruit/vegetables (FV) scores. Linear regression analyses estimated associations of reward-related eating, self-regulation, and home food environment with diet quality during pregnancy and postpartum, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics. RESULTS:Pregnancy HEI-total was inversely associated with PFS (??=?-?0.14?±?0.05, p?=?0.009), mYFAS(??=?-?0.14?±?0.06, p?=?0.02), 2 of the 5 RVFQ indices, MCP (??=?-?0.14?±?0.05, p?=?0.01), and DGI food subscale (??=?0.23?±?0.05, p?