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Disease reciprocity between gingivitis and obesity.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND:Many diseases seem to affect each other. This is particularly true of periodontal diseases that relate to many systemic diseases. For this reason, this study investigated the relationship between obesity and gingivitis in children by focusing on plasma and salivary metabolomic biochemicals. METHODS:Whole saliva and plasma samples were taken from each of sixty-eight 11-year-old children afflicted by different degrees of both gingivitis and obesity. Gingivitis was evaluated as the percent of sites considered erythematous. Obesity was determined by waist circumference. Untargeted metabolomic analysis defined 29 biochemicals significantly correlated between saliva and plasma, which included the collagen breakdown amino acid hydroxyproline (Hyp). Two-sided t-tests and regression analysis were performed to compare these data from children with obesity alone, gingivitis alone, both, and neither. RESULTS:Obese children exhibited signs of increased collagen turnover by being taller (14.4 cm) and having more permanent teeth (5.7). Analysis indicated a significant impact of obesity on gingivitis. Children with both diseases had 41.02% of gingival sites red whereas children with only obesity had 5.2% and children with only gingivitis had 19.16%. Hyp was increased in saliva by the combined presence of both diseases. The effects of gingivitis on obesity were in the same direction but generally not statistically significant. CONCLUSION:Obesity clearly augments gingivitis. Data suggest that interaction between gingivitis and obesity may exhibit disease reciprocity in which activated neutrophils are mutually shared to create collagen destruction and Hyp release into both saliva and plasma.

SUBMITTER: Goodson JM

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7689803 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Oct

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Disease reciprocity between gingivitis and obesity.

Goodson J Max JM

Journal of periodontology 20200806

<h4>Background</h4>Many diseases seem to affect each other. This is particularly true of periodontal diseases that relate to many systemic diseases. For this reason, this study investigated the relationship between obesity and gingivitis in children by focusing on plasma and salivary metabolomic biochemicals.<h4>Methods</h4>Whole saliva and plasma samples were taken from each of sixty-eight 11-year-old children afflicted by different degrees of both gingivitis and obesity. Gingivitis was evaluat ...[more]

PMID: 32329896

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Project description:In repeated interactions, players can use strategies that respond to the outcome of previous rounds. Much of the existing literature on direct reciprocity assumes that all competing individuals use the same strategy space. Here, we study both learning and evolutionary dynamics of players that differ in the strategy space they explore. We focus on the infinitely repeated donation game and compare three natural strategy spaces: memory-1 strategies, which consider the last moves of both players, reactive strategies, which respond to the last move of the co-player, and unconditional strategies. These three strategy spaces differ in the memory capacity that is needed. We compute the long term average payoff that is achieved in a pairwise learning process. We find that smaller strategy spaces can dominate larger ones. For weak selection, unconditional players dominate both reactive and memory-1 players. For intermediate selection, reactive players dominate memory-1 players. Only for strong selection and low cost-to-benefit ratio, memory-1 players dominate the others. We observe that the supergame between strategy spaces can be a social dilemma: maximum payoff is achieved if both players explore a larger strategy space, but smaller strategy spaces dominate. Author summary Direct reciprocity can lead to cooperation between individuals who meet in repeated encounters. The shadow of the future casts an incentive to cooperate. If I cooperate today, you may cooperate tomorrow. But if I defect today, you may defect tomorrow. In most studies of direct reciprocity it is assumed that both players explore the same space of possible strategies. In contrast, here we study interactions between players that use different strategy spaces and therefore utilize different memory capacities. Surprisingly, we find that more complex strategy spaces often lose out against simpler ones. The social optimum, however, is achieved if all players use the more complex space. Therefore, the game between strategy spaces becomes a higher order social dilemma.

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Disease reciprocity between gingivitis and obesity.

Publications

Disease reciprocity between gingivitis and obesity.

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