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In Vitro Study of the Toxicity Mechanisms of Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) and Released Iron Ions Using Earthworm Cells.

ABSTRACT: During the last two decades, nanomaterials based on nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) have ranked among the most utilized remediation technologies for soil and groundwater cleanup. The high reduction capacity of elemental iron (Fe0) allows for the rapid and cost-efficient degradation or transformation of many organic and inorganic pollutants. Although worldwide real and pilot applications show promising results, the effects of nZVI on exposed living organisms are still not well explored. The majority of the recent studies examined toxicity to microbes and to a lesser extent to other organisms that could also be exposed to nZVI via nanoremediation applications. In this work, a novel approach using amoebocytes, the immune effector cells of the earthworm Eisenia andrei, was applied to study the toxicity mechanisms of nZVI. The toxicity of the dissolved iron released during exposure was studied to evaluate the effect of nZVI aging with regard to toxicity and to assess the true environmental risks. The impact of nZVI and associated iron ions was studied in vitro on the subcellular level using different toxicological approaches, such as short-term immunological responses and oxidative stress. The results revealed an increase in reactive oxygen species production following nZVI exposure, as well as a dose-dependent increase in lipid peroxidation. Programmed cell death (apoptosis) and necrosis were detected upon exposure to ferric and ferrous ions, although no lethal effects were observed at environmentally relevant nZVI concentrations. The decreased phagocytic activity further confirmed sublethal adverse effects, even after short-term exposure to ferric and ferrous iron. Detection of sublethal effects, including changes in oxidative stress-related markers such as reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde production revealed that nZVI had minimal impacts on exposed earthworm cells. In comparison to other works, this study provides more details regarding the effects of the individual iron forms associated with nZVI aging and the cell toxicity effects on the specific earthworms' immune cells that represent a suitable model for nanomaterial testing.

SUBMITTER: Semerad J

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7692149 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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In Vitro Study of the Toxicity Mechanisms of Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) and Released Iron Ions Using Earthworm Cells.

Semerad Jaroslav J Pacheco Natividad Isabel Navarro NIN Grasserova Alena A Prochazkova Petra P Pivokonsky Martin M Pivokonska Lenka L Cajthaml Tomas T

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland) 20201103 11

During the last two decades, nanomaterials based on nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) have ranked among the most utilized remediation technologies for soil and groundwater cleanup. The high reduction capacity of elemental iron (Fe<sup>0</sup>) allows for the rapid and cost-efficient degradation or transformation of many organic and inorganic pollutants. Although worldwide real and pilot applications show promising results, the effects of nZVI on exposed living organisms are still not well explor ...[more]

PMID: 33153039

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Project description:Toxic and persistent contaminants in groundwater are technologically difficult to remediate. Remediation techniques using nanoparticles (NPs) such as nZVI (Zero-Valent Iron) are applicable as in situ reduction or oxidation agents and give promising results for groundwater treatment. However, these NP may also represent an additional contamination in groundwater. The aims of this study are to assess the impact of nZVI on the nitrate-reducing potential, the abundance and the structure of a planktonic nitrate-reducing bacterial community sampled in groundwater from a multicontaminated site. An active nitrate-reducing bacterial community was obtained from groundwater samples, and inoculated into batch reactors containing a carbon substrate, nitrate and a range of nZVI concentrations (from 0 to 70.1 mg Fe.L-1). Physical (pH, redox potential), chemical ( NO 3 - concentrations) and biological (DNA, RNA) parameters were monitored during 1 week, as well as nZVI size distribution and mortality of bacteria. Nitrate-reducing activity was temporally stopped in the presence of nZVI at concentrations higher than 30 mg L-1, and bacterial molecular parameters all decreased before resuming to initial values 48 h after nZVI addition. Bacterial community composition was also modified in all cultures exposed to nZVI as shown by CE-SSCP fingerprints. Surprisingly, it appeared overall that bacteria viability was lower for lower nZVI concentrations. This is possibly due to the presence of larger, less reactive NP aggregates for higher nZVI concentrations, which inhibit bacterial activity but could limit cell mortality. After 1 week, the bacterial cultures were transplanted into fresh media without nZVI, to assess their resilience in terms of activity. A lag-phase, corresponding to an adaptation phase of the community, was observed during this step before nitrate reduction reiterated, demonstrating the community's resilience. The induction by nZVI of modifications in the bacterial community composition and thus in its metabolic potentials, if also occurring on site, could affect groundwater functioning on the long term following nZVI application. Further work dedicated to the study of nZVI impact on bacterial community directly on site is needed to assess a potential impact on groundwater functioning following nZVI application.

Dataset Information

In Vitro Study of the Toxicity Mechanisms of Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) and Released Iron Ions Using Earthworm Cells.

Publications

In Vitro Study of the Toxicity Mechanisms of Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron (nZVI) and Released Iron Ions Using Earthworm Cells.

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