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Improving Radiation Response in Glioblastoma Using ECO/siRNA Nanoparticles Targeting DNA Damage Repair.

ABSTRACT: Radiation therapy is a mainstay in the standard of care for glioblastoma (GBM), thus inhibiting the DNA damage response (DDR) is a major strategy to improve radiation response and therapeutic outcomes. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapy holds immeasurable potential for the treatment of GBM, however delivery of the siRNA payload remains the largest obstacle for clinical implementation. Here we demonstrate the effectiveness of the novel nanomaterial, ECO (1-aminoethylimino[bis(N-oleoylcysteinylaminoethyl) propionamide]), to deliver siRNA targeting DDR proteins ataxia telangiectasia mutated and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNApk-cs) for the radiosensitzation of GBM in vitro and in vivo. ECO nanoparticles (NPs) were shown to efficiently deliver siRNA and silence target protein expression in glioma (U251) and glioma stem cell lines (NSC11, GBMJ1). Importantly, ECO NPs displayed no cytotoxicity and minimal silencing of genes in normal astrocytes. Treatment with ECO/siRNA NPs and radiation resulted in the prolonged presence of ?H2AX foci, indicators of DNA damage, and increased radiosensitivity in all tumor cell lines. In vivo, intratumoral injection of ECO/siDNApk-cs NPs with radiation resulted in a significant increase in survival compared with injection of NPs alone. These data suggest the ECO nanomaterial can effectively deliver siRNA to more selectively target and radiosensitize tumor cells to improve therapeutic outcomes in GBM.

SUBMITTER: Lee JA

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7694254 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Improving Radiation Response in Glioblastoma Using ECO/siRNA Nanoparticles Targeting DNA Damage Repair.

Lee Jennifer A JA Ayat Nadia N Sun Zhanhu Z Tofilon Philip J PJ Lu Zheng-Rong ZR Camphausen Kevin K

Cancers 20201104 11

Radiation therapy is a mainstay in the standard of care for glioblastoma (GBM), thus inhibiting the DNA damage response (DDR) is a major strategy to improve radiation response and therapeutic outcomes. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) therapy holds immeasurable potential for the treatment of GBM, however delivery of the siRNA payload remains the largest obstacle for clinical implementation. Here we demonstrate the effectiveness of the novel nanomaterial, ECO (1-aminoethylimino[bis(N-oleoylcysteinyl ...[more]

PMID: 33158243

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Project description:BackgroundThe invasive nature of GBM combined with the diversity of brain microenvironments creates the potential for a topographic heterogeneity in GBM radioresponse. Investigating the mechanisms responsible for a microenvironment-induced differential GBM response to radiation may provide insights into the molecules and processes mediating GBM radioresistance.MethodsUsing a model system in which human GBM stem-like cells implanted into the right striatum of nude mice migrate throughout the right hemisphere (RH) to the olfactory bulb (OB), the radiation-induced DNA damage response was evaluated in each location according to γH2AX and 53BP1 foci and cell cycle phase distribution as determined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. RNAseq was used to compare transcriptomes of tumor cells growing in the OB and the RH. Protein expression and neuron-tumor interaction were defined by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy.ResultsAfter irradiation, there was a more rapid dispersal of γH2AX and 53BP1 foci in the OB versus in the RH, indicative of increased double strand break repair capacity in the OB and consistent with the OB providing a radioprotective niche. With respect to the cell cycle, by 6 h after irradiation there was a significant loss of mitotic tumor cells in both locations suggesting a similar activation of the G2/M checkpoint. However, by 24 h post-irradiation there was an accumulation of G2 phase cells in the OB, which continued out to at least 96 h. Transcriptome analysis showed that tumor cells in the OB had higher expression levels of DNA repair genes involved in non-homologous end joining and genes related to the spindle assembly checkpoint. Tumor cells in the OB were also found to have an increased frequency of soma-soma contact with neurons.ConclusionGBM cells that have migrated to the OB have an increased capacity to repair radiation-induced double strand breaks and altered cell cycle regulation. These results correspond to an upregulation of genes involved in DNA damage repair and cell cycle control. Because the murine OB provides a source of radioresistant tumor cells not evident in other experimental systems, it may serve as a model for investigating the mechanisms mediating GBM radioresistance.

Project description:Opinion statementMetastatic (and locally advanced) pancreatic adenocarcinoma (mPDA) represents a major challenge for the oncology community given the rising mortality burden from the disease and the preponderance of patients diagnosed with unresectable disease. Although systemic therapies have become more potent with the development of fluorouracil, irinotecan, and oxaliplatin (FOLFIRINOX) and gemcitabine plus nab-paclitaxel as first-line treatments, the median overall survival for patients treated with either of these regimens remains just above 1 year. A significant need exists to build upon the effectiveness of first-line regimens, incorporate tolerable maintenance treatments, and add effective later-line options for patients with this disease. We believe every newly diagnosed mPDA patient should undergo next-generation sequencing (NGS) testing, preferably from tumor tissue, to assess for the presence of DNA damage repair (DDR) defects, microsatellite instability, and other possible actionable molecular alterations (such as neurotrophic tropomysin receptor kinase (NTRK) fusions, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangements, or human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification). Existing clinical data suggests that patients, whose tumors harbor DDR defects, benefit from treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. Preclinically, inhibitors of other critical players in DDR such as ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad3 related (ATR), ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM), DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), and WEE1 have demonstrated promising anti-tumor activity in PDA cell lines and xenografts. How to move forward the preclinical promise of these newer DDR-targeting therapies into rational clinical trial combinations and sequence PARP inhibitors in relation to platinum chemotherapy remain areas of tremendous clinical research interest. We believe clinical trials should be considered early for mPDA patients, in all treatment lines, so that novel therapies may be added to the treatment armamentarium for patients with this disease. Beyond NGS testing from tumor tissue, we believe it is important to consider germline genetic testing for all patients diagnosed with PDA given recent data suggesting a much stronger hereditary component of the disease than previously understood, and the potential screening implications for family members.

Project description:Pancreas ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third most common cause of cancer death in the USA. While other cancers with historically poor prognoses have benefited from new immunotherapies and targeted agents, the 5-year survival rate for PDAC patients has remained static. The accessibility to genomic testing has improved in recent years, and it is now clear that PDAC is a heterogenous disease, with a subset of patients harboring actionable mutations. There are several targeted therapies approved by the Food and Drug administration (FDA) in PDAC: EGFR inhibitor erlotinib (combined with gemcitabine) in unselected patients, TRK inhibitors larotrectinib and entrectinib for patients with NTRK fusion mutation, the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab for mismatch repair-deficient patients, and the poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib in patients with germline BRCA mutation as a maintenance therapy. DNA damage repair (DDR) is paramount to genomic integrity and cell survival. The defective repair of DNA damage is one of the hallmarks of cancer, and abnormalities in DDR pathways are closely linked with the development of malignancies and upregulation of these pathways linked with resistance to treatment. The prevalence of somatic and germline mutations in DDR pathways in metastatic PDAC is reported to be approximately 15-25%. Patients with DDR gene alterations benefit from a personalized approach to treatment. Recently, the POLO trial demonstrated a progression-free survival (PFS) benefit in metastatic PDAC patients with a germline BRCA1/2 mutation treated with maintenance olaparib following platinum-based induction chemotherapy. This was the first phase 3 randomized trial to establish a biomarker-driven approach in the treatment of PDAC and establishes a precedent for maintenance therapy in PDAC. The review herein aims to outline the current treatment landscape for PDAC patients with DDR gene-mutated tumors, highlight novel therapeutic approaches focused on surmounting tumor resistance, and explore new strategies which may lead to an expansion in the number of patients who benefit from these targeted treatments.

Dataset Information

Improving Radiation Response in Glioblastoma Using ECO/siRNA Nanoparticles Targeting DNA Damage Repair.

Publications

Improving Radiation Response in Glioblastoma Using ECO/siRNA Nanoparticles Targeting DNA Damage Repair.

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