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Cyclooxygenase-2/sclerostin mediates TGF-?1-induced calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells and rats undergoing renal failure.

ABSTRACT: In this study, we studied the effect and possible mechanism of TGF-?1 on vascular calcification. We found that the serum levels of TGF-?1 and cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) were significantly increased in patients with chronic kidney disease. Phosphate up regulated TGF-?1 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). TGF-?1 decreased the markers of VSMCs, but increased osteogenic markers and calcification in aortic segments. The phosphate-induced osteogenic markers were reduced by the TGF?R I inhibitor (LY364947), which also attenuated the potential of phosphate to reduce VSMC markers in VSMCs. Both phosphate and TGF-?1 increased the protein level of ?-catenin, which was partially mitigated by LY364947. TGF-?1 decreased sclerostin, and exogenous sclerostin decreased the mineralization induced by TGF-?1. LY364947 reduced the phosphate and TGF-?1 induced COX-2. Meanwhile, the effects of TGF-?1 on osteogenic markers, ?-catenin, and sclerostin, were partially reversed by the COX-2 inhibitor. Mechanistically, we found that p-Smad2/3 and p-CREB were both enriched at the promoter regions of sclerostin and ?-catenin. TGF-?1 and COX-2 were significantly elevated in serum and aorta of rats undergoing renal failure. Therapeutic administration of meloxicam effectively ameliorated the renal lesion. Our results suggested that COX-2 may mediate the effect of TGF-?1 on vascular calcification through down-regulating sclerostin in VMSCs.

SUBMITTER: He F

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7695383 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Cyclooxygenase-2/sclerostin mediates TGF-β1-induced calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells and rats undergoing renal failure.

He Fang F Li Ling L Li Pei-Pei PP Deng Yan Y Yang Yuan-Yuan YY Deng Yi-Xuan YX Luo Hong-Hong HH Yao Xin-Tong XT Su Yu-Xi YX Gan Hua H He Bai-Cheng BC

Aging 20201106 21

In this study, we studied the effect and possible mechanism of TGF-β1 on vascular calcification. We found that the serum levels of TGF-β1 and cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2) were significantly increased in patients with chronic kidney disease. Phosphate up regulated TGF-β1 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). TGF-β1 decreased the markers of VSMCs, but increased osteogenic markers and calcification in aortic segments. The phosphate-induced osteogenic markers were reduced by the TGFβR I inhibitor (LY3 ...[more]

PMID: 33159018

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Project description:Sclerostin is a negative regulator of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling and is, therefore, an important inhibitor of bone formation and turnover. Because ectopic vascular calcification develops in a similar way to bone formation, one might reasonably attribute a role to sclerostin in this pathological process. Ectopic calcification, especially vascular calcification, importantly contributes to mortality in elderly and patients with diabetes, osteoporosis, chronic kidney disease (CKD), and hypertension. The central players in this ectopic calcification process are the vascular smooth muscle cells that undergo dedifferentiation and thereby acquire characteristics of bonelike cells. Therefore, we hypothesize that depletion/deactivation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling inhibitor sclerostin may promote the development of ectopic calcifications through stimulation of bone-anabolic effects at the level of the arteries. We investigated the role of sclerostin (encoded by the Sost gene) during vascular calcification by using either Sost-/- mice or anti-sclerostin antibody. Sost-/- and wild-type (WT) mice (C57BL/6J background) were administered an adenine-containing diet to promote the development of CKD-induced vascular calcification. Calcifications developed more extensively in the cardiac vessels of adenine-exposed Sost-/- mice, compared to adenine-exposed WT mice. This could be concluded from the cardiac calcium content as well as from cardiac tissue sections on which calcifications were visualized histochemically. In a second experiment, DBA/2J mice were administered a warfarin-containing diet to induce vascular calcifications in the absence of CKD. Here, warfarin exposure led to significantly increased aortic and renal tissue calcium content. Calcifications, which were present in the aortic medial layer and renal vessels, were significantly more pronounced when warfarin treatment was combined with anti-sclerostin antibody treatment. This study demonstrates a protective effect of sclerostin during vascular calcification. © 2022 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).

Project description:Vascular calcification is prominent in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is a strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality in the CKD population. However, the mechanism underlying CKD-associated vascular calcification remains unclear. To identify potential therapeutic targets, a 5/6 nephrectomy rat model was established by feeding of a high-phosphorous diet as the CKD group and compared with sham group rats at 4 and 16 weeks. Sequencing analyses of the rat aorta revealed 643 upregulated and 1023 downregulated genes at 4 weeks, as well as 899 upregulated and 1185 downregulated genes at 16 weeks in the CKD group compared to the sham group. Bioinformatics analyses suggested that SOST (which encodes sclerostin) and Wnt signaling are involved in CKD-associated vascular calcification. Furthermore, protein-protein interactions analysis revealed interactions between SOST, WNT5A, and WNT5B, that involved runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) and transgelin (TAGLN). SOST was increased in CKD-associated vascular calcification following reduction of the Wnt signaling, including WNT5A and WNT5B, both in vivo and in vitro. TargetScan was used to predict the microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting WNT5A and WNT5B. The expression levels of miR-542-3p, miR-298-3p, miR-376b-5p, and miR-3568 were significantly reduced, whereas that of miR-742-3p was significantly increased in calcified rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). In CKD rat aortas, the expression of miR-542-3p, miR-298-3p, miR-376b-5p, miR-3568, miR-742-3p, and miR-22-5p were significantly reduced at both 4 and 16 weeks. Altogether, owing to several assessments, potentially diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for improving common CKD diagnostic tools were identified in this study. Abbreviations: BUN: blood urea nitrogen; CKD: chronic kidney disease; CKD-MBD: chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GO: the Gene Ontology; HE: hematoxylin-eosin; HRP: horseradish peroxidase; KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; MiRNAs: microRNAs; PAS: periodic acid-Schiff; RUNX2: runt-related transcription factor 2; SCr: serum creatinine; STRING: the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins; TAGLN: transgelin; VSMC: vascular smooth muscle cell.

Project description:AimsVascular calcification is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) plays an instructive role in osteogenesis and bone development, but its role in vascular calcification was unknown. Therefore, we investigated the involvement of FGF-2 in vascular calcification and determined the mechanism by which it regulates this process.Methods and resultsWe demonstrate that FGF-2 expression is increased in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induced to deposit a mineralized matrix by incubation with ?-glycerophosphate. FGF-2 is also localized to sites of calcification within human atherosclerotic plaques. The expression of syndecan-4, a heparan sulfate proteoglycan which regulates FGF-2 signalling, is also increased in mineralizing VSMCs and co-localizes with FGF-2 in human calcified atherosclerotic plaques. Exogenous FGF-2 inhibits VSMC mineralization, and this inhibition is reduced when syndecan-4 expression is knocked-down using siRNA. Biochemical inhibition of FGFR signalling using a pan FGFR inhibitor (BGJ398) or knocking-down syndecan-4 expression in VSMCs using siRNA increases VSMC mineralization. These increases are prevented by inhibiting transforming growth factor-? (TGF?) signalling with SB431542, suggesting cross-talk between FGF-2 and TGF? signalling is crucial for the regulation of VSMC mineralization. Syndecan-4 can also regulate FGF-2 signalling directly via protein kinase C? (PKC?) activation. Biochemical inhibition of PKC? activity using Gö6976, or siRNA-mediated suppression of PKC? expression increases VSMC mineralization; this increase is also prevented with SB431542. Finally, the ability of FGF-2 to inhibit VSMC mineralization is reduced when PKC? expression is knocked-down.ConclusionThis is the first demonstration that syndecan-4 promotes FGF-2 signalling, and in turn, suppresses VSMC mineralization by down-regulating TGF? signalling. Our discoveries that FGF-2 and syndecan-4 expression is increased in mineralizing VSMCs and that PKC? regulates FGF-2 and TGF? signalling in VSMCs suggests that the syndecan-4/FGF-2/TGF? signalling axis could represent a new therapeutic target for vascular calcification.

Dataset Information

Cyclooxygenase-2/sclerostin mediates TGF-?1-induced calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells and rats undergoing renal failure.

Publications

Cyclooxygenase-2/sclerostin mediates TGF-β1-induced calcification in vascular smooth muscle cells and rats undergoing renal failure.

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