Endothelial Damage in Children with Sleep-disordered Breathing.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Horne RSC
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7706161 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Endothelial dysfunction is a complication of both obesity and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), the latter being highly prevalent among obese children. It is unknown whether obesity causes endothelial dysfunction in children in the absence of OSAS. This study examines endothelial function in obese and non-obese children without OSAS.Pre-pubertal non-hypertensive children were recruited. Endothelial function was assessed in a morning fasted state, using a modified hyperemic test involving cuff-induced occlusion of the radial and ulnar arteries. The absence of OSAS was confirmed by overnight polysomnography. Anthropometry was also performed.55 obese children (mean age 8.6 +/- 1.4 years, mean BMI z-score: 2.3 +/- 0.3) were compared to 50 non-obese children (mean age 8.0 +/- 1.6 years, mean BMI z-score 0.3 +/- 0.9). Significant delays to peak capillary reperfusion after occlusion release occurred in obese compared to non-obese children (45.3 +/- 21.9 sec vs. 31.5 +/- 14.1 sec, p < 0.01), but no differences in the magnitude of hyperemia emerged. Time to peak reperfusion and percentage of body fat were positively correlated (r = 0.365, p < 0.01).Our findings confirm that endothelial dysfunction occurs early in life in obese children, even in the absence of OSAS. Thus, mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in pediatric obesity are operational in the absence of sleep-disordered breathing.
| S-EPMC2829007 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background:The incidence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in children exceeds the availability of polysomnography (PSG) to definitively diagnose OSA and identify children at higher risk of perioperative complications. As sleep deficits are associated with slower reaction times (RTs), measuring RT may be a cost-effective approach to objectively identify SDB symptoms. Aim:The aim of this study is to compare RT on a standard 10-minute psychomotor vigilance test (PVT) based on children's history of OSA/SDB. Methods:Children, 6-11 years of age, were enrolled from two different clinical groups. The SDB group included children undergoing adenotonsillectomy with a clinical history of SDB, OSA, or snoring. The control group included children with no history of SDB, OSA, or snoring who were scheduled for surgery other than adenotonsillectomy. RT was measured via 10-minute PVT (Ambulatory Monitoring Inc., Ardsley, NY, USA). Median RT was calculated for each patient based on all responses to stimuli during the PVT assessment and was compared to published age-sex-specific norms. The proportion of children exceeding RT norms was compared between study groups. Results:The study included 72 patients (36/36 male/female, median age 7 years), 46 with SDB and 26 without SDB. There was no difference in the RT between the two groups. Fifty-four percent of patients with SDB exceeded norms for median RT vs 42% of control patients (95% CI of difference: - 12, 36; P=0.326). Conclusion:Approximately half of the patients in both groups exceeded published norms for median RT on PVT. Despite its convenience, measurement of RT did not distinguish between patients with probable SDB/OSA for preoperative risk stratification.
| S-EPMC6296195 | biostudies-literature
Project description: Not available
| S-EPMC7193676 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundChildren with Down syndrome (DS) are at increased risk of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB). We investigated sleep spindle activity, as a marker of sleep quality, and its relationship with daytime functioning in children with DS compared to typically developing (TD) children.MethodsChildren with DS and SDB (n = 44) and TD children matched for age, sex and SDB severity underwent overnight polysomnography. Fast or Slow sleep spindles were identified manually during N2/N3 sleep. Spindle activity was characterized as spindle number, density (number of spindles/h) and intensity (density × average duration) on central (C) and frontal (F) electrodes. Parents completed the Child Behavior Check List and OSA-18 questionnaires.ResultsIn children with DS, spindle activity was lower compared to TD children for F Slow and F Slow&Fast spindles combined (p < 0.001 for all). Furthermore, there were no correlations between spindle activity and CBCL subscales; however, spindle activity for C Fast and C Slow&Fast was negatively correlated with OSA-18 emotional symptoms and caregiver concerns and C Fast activity was also negatively correlated with daytime function and total problems.ConclusionsReduced spindle activity in children with DS may underpin the increased sleep disruption and negative effects of SDB on quality of life and behavior.ImpactChildren with Down syndrome (DS) are at increased risk of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), which is associated with sleep disruption affecting daytime functioning. Sleep spindles are a sensitive marker of sleep quality. We identified for the first time that children with DS had reduced sleep spindle activity compared to typically developing children matched for SDB severity. The reduced spindle activity likely underpins the more disrupted sleep and may be associated with reduced daytime functioning and quality of life and may also be an early biomarker for an increased risk of developing dementia later in life in children with DS.
| S-EPMC11343711 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a common comorbidity in a number of cardiovascular diseases, and mounting clinical evidence demonstrates that it has important implications in the long-term outcomes of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). While recognition among clinicians of the role of SDB in CVD is increasing, it too often remains neglected in the routine care of patients with CVD, and therefore remains widely undiagnosed and untreated. In this article, we provide an overview of SDB and its relationship to CVD, with the goal of helping cardiovascular clinicians better recognize and treat this important comorbidity in their patients. We will describe the two major types of SDB and discuss the pathophysiologic, diagnostic, and therapeutic considerations of SDB in patients with CVD.
| S-EPMC4824338 | biostudies-other
Project description:OBJECTIVES:Although adenotonsillar hypertrophy is the main cause of sleep-disordered breathing in children, surrounding anatomic factors, such as the width of the nasopharynx, can affect upper airway patency. However, there have been no reports of the association of nasopharyngeal width with sleep-disordered breathing in children. This study was undertaken to measure nasopharyngeal width in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy for sleep-disordered breathing and to investigate the clinical implications of this factor. METHODS:This was a retrospective study with a follow-up period of 1 year, performed at a tertiary referral center. We reviewed the operative records of children who underwent adenotonsillectomy at our center for symptoms of sleepdisordered breathing, such as snoring, apnea, and mouth breathing. The nasopharyngeal width was measured immediately before adenotonsillectomy, which was performed under general anesthesia with a microscopy-assisted mirror view. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy was graded on a four-point scale, and symptoms of sleep-disordered breathing were evaluated by using the Korean version of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea-18 questionnaire before and after surgery. The relationships between the average nasopharyngeal width and patient age and sex, adenotonsillar hypertrophy, and the Korean version of the Obstructive Sleep Apnea-18 score were analyzed. RESULTS:The study included 549 children (343 boys) with a mean age of 6.0 years (range, 2 to 11 years). The average nasopharyngeal width was 11.9 mm (range, 7.0 to 18.0 mm) and increased with age (range, 11.2 to 13.3; β=0.264; P< 0.001). At 1 year after surgery, children with a greater nasopharyngeal width at the time of surgery exhibited additional improvements in symptoms of obstruction relative to those at 1 month after surgery. CONCLUSION:The average nasopharyngeal width in children is approximately 11.9 mm and exhibits a slight increase with age. The width of the nasopharynx may be a factor associated with the degree of improvement in symptoms of sleepdisordered breathing after adenotonsillectomy.
| S-EPMC6787469 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectivesTonsillotomy has gained popular acceptance as an alternative to the traditional tonsillectomy in the management of sleep-disordered breathing in children. Many studies have evaluated the outcomes of the two techniques, but uncertainty remains with regard to the efficacy and complications of tonsillotomy versus a traditional tonsillectomy. This study was designed to investigate the efficacy and complications of tonsillotomy versus tonsillectomy, in terms of the short- and long-term results.MethodsWe collected data from electronic databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library. The following inclusion criteria were applied: English language, children, and prospective studies that directly compared tonsillotomy and tonsillectomy in the management of sleep disordered breathing. Subgroup analysis was then performed.ResultsIn total, 10 eligible studies with 1029 participants were included. Tonsillotomy was shown to be advantageous over tonsillectomy in short-term measures, such as a lower hemorrhage rate, shorter operation time, and faster pain relief. In long-term follow-up, there was no significant difference in resolution of upper-airway obstructive symptoms, the quality of life, or postoperative immune function between the tonsillotomy and tonsillectomy groups. The risk ratio of SDB recurrence was 3.33 (95% confidence interval = 1.62 6.82, P = 0.001), favoring tonsillectomy at an average follow-up of 31 months.ConclusionsTonsillotomy may be advantageous over tonsillectomy in the short term measures and there are no significant difference of resolving obstructive symptoms, quality of life and postoperative immune function. For the long run, the dominance of tonsillotomy may be less than tonsillectomy with regard to the rate of sleep-disordered breathing recurrence.
| S-EPMC4373680 | biostudies-literature
Project description:There are limited data on the effect of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) on sleep disordered breathing (SDB). We hypothesized that both the severity of prematurity and BPD would increase the likelihood of SDB in early childhood. Our secondary aim was to evaluate the association of demographic factors on the development of SDB.This is a retrospective study of patient factors and overnight polysomnogram (PSG) data of children enrolled in our BPD registry between 2008 and 2015. Association between PSG results and studied variables was assessed using multiple linear regression analysis.One-hundred-forty children underwent at least one sleep study on room air. The mean respiratory disturbance index (RDI) was elevated at 9.9 events/hr (SD: 10.1). The mean obstructive apnea-hypopnea index (OAHI) was 6.5 (9.1) events/hr and the mean central event rate of 3.0 (3.7) events/hr. RDI had decreased by 22% or 1.5 events/hour (95%CI: 0.6, 1.9) with each year of age (P?=?0.005). Subjects with more severe respiratory disease had 38% more central events (P?=?0.02). Infants exposed to secondhand smoke had 2.4% lower (P?=?0.04) oxygen saturation nadirs and a pattern for more desaturation events. Non-white subjects were found to have 33% higher OAHI (P?=?0.05), while white subjects had a 61% higher rate of central events (P?<?0.001).RDI was elevated in a selected BPD population compared to norms for non-preterm children. BPD severity, smoke exposure, and race may augment the severity of SDB. RDI improved with age but was still elevated by age 4, suggesting that this population is at risk for the sequelae of SDB.
| S-EPMC5693767 | biostudies-literature
Project description:OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND:Limited data are available on sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) following intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Our aim was to characterize the objective measures of post-ICH SDB and questionnaire-reported pre-ICH sleep characteristics, overall and by ethnicity. PATIENTS/METHODS:Participants with ICH who were enrolled in the population-based Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi project (2010-2016) reported their pre-ICH sleep duration and completed the Berlin Questionnaire to characterize pre-ICH risk of SDB. A subsample was screened for SDB (respiratory event index ?10) using ApneaLink Plus portable monitoring. Ethnic differences in post-ICH SDB or questionnaire-reported pre-ICH sleep characteristics were assessed using a log binomial model or a linear regression model or a Fisher's exact test. RESULTS:ICH cases (n = 298) were enrolled (median age = 68 years, 67% Mexican American). Among 62 cases with complete ApneaLink data, median time to post-ICH SDB screening was 11 days (IQR: 6, 19). Post-ICH SDB prevalence was 46.8% (95% CI: 34.4-59.2), and this rate did not differ by ethnicity (p = 1.0). Berlin Questionnaires for 109 of the 298 ICH cases (36.6% (95% CI: 31.1-42.0)) suggested a high risk for pre-ICH SDB, and the median pre-ICH sleep duration was eight hours (IQR: 6, 8). After adjusting for confounders, there was no difference in ethnicity in high risk for pre-ICH SDB or pre-ICH sleep duration. CONCLUSIONS:Nearly half of the patients had objective confirmation of SDB after ICH, and more than one-third had questionnaire evidence of high risk for pre-ICH SDB. Opportunities to address SDB may be common both before and after ICH.
| S-EPMC6082385 | biostudies-literature
Project description:IntroductionCystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-shortening, genetic disease that affects approximately 30,000 Americans. Although patients frequently report snoring, mouth breathing, and insomnia, the extent to which sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) may underlie these complaints remains unknown.MethodsSingle-center retrospective review of polysomnography results from referred patients with and without CF individually-matched (1:2) for age, gender, race, and body mass index (BMI).ResultsMean ages were 8.0 ± 5.2 (sd) and 35.9 ± 12.9 years, among 29 children and 23 adults with CF respectively. The CF and non-CF groups were well-matched in age and BMI. Subjects with vs. without CF had three times greater odds of moderate-severe SDB (apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) ≥ 5 in children, ≥ 15 in adults) (p = 0.01). Nocturnal oxygen saturation nadir (Minimum SpO2) was lower among CF vs. non-CF groups (p = 0.002). For every 1-unit increase in AHI, the decline in Minimum SpO2 was larger for subjects with vs. without CF (p = 0.05). In subjects with CF, forced expiratory volume in 1 s percent predicted (FEV1 PPD) was associated with Minimum SpO2 (Pearson r = 0.68, p < 0.0001) but not AHI (r = -0.19, p = 0.27). For every 1-unit increase in AHI, magnitude of decline in Minimum SpO2 was larger for those with low vs. normal FEV1 PPD (p = 0.01).ConclusionSeverity of SDB may be worse among referred patients with vs. without CF. The SDB may modify the relationship between CF lung disease and nocturnal hypoxemia. Markers of lung disease severity including lung function do not predict SDB severity, suggesting the need for routine polysomnography to screen for this sleep disorder.
| S-EPMC7541673 | biostudies-literature