The complete mitochondrial genome of an Atlantic Ocean Shortfin Mako Shark, Isurus oxyrinchus.
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ABSTRACT:
SUBMITTER: Gorman J
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7707436 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:The shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) demonstrates low productivity and is thus relatively sensitive to fishing. Natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) data are critical to determine their population dynamics. However, catch and fishing effort data are unavailable for this species in the South Pacific Ocean, making stock assessments difficult. Demographic quantitative methods aid in analyzing species with limited data availability. We used a two-sex stage-structured matrix population model to examine the demographic stock status of mako sharks. However, data-limited models to determine fishery management strategies have limitations. We performed Monte Carlo simulations to evaluate the effects of uncertainty on the estimated mako shark population growth rate. Under unfished conditions, the simulations demonstrated that the mako sharks showed a higher finite population growth rate in the 2-year reproductive cycle compared to the 3-year reproductive cycle. Protecting immature mako sharks led to a higher population growth rate than protecting mature mako sharks. According to the sex-specific data, protecting immature male and female sharks led to a higher population growth rate than protecting mature male and female sharks. In conclusion, sex-specific management measures can facilitate the sustainable mako shark conservation and management.
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Project description:Multiple paternity has been demonstrated in a variety of sharks with different reproductive modes (i.e., viviparous, ovoviviparous, adelphophagy, oviparous), although the number of sires per litter varies considerably among species. To date, such analyses have focused mainly on coastal and nearshore shark species due to the difficulty in sampling oceanic sharks. In the present study, we observed multiple paternity in the oceanic shark Isurus oxyrinchus from seven polymorphic microsatellite loci and three litters collected from Nanfangao Fishing Port. Paternity tests showed that an average of 4.6 sires were assigned to each litter of I. oxyrinchus using COLONY software, and that the average number of sires dropped to 2.5 when using GERUD. These findings suggest that multiple paternity could be a common reproductive strategy used by the shortfin mako shark, and that this mating system should be integrated into a demographic model to make more accurate population projections and risk analyses in the future.
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Project description:Haemoglobin (Hb) is a tetrameric iron-containing protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues back to the lungs. Pisces are the advanced aquatic vertebrates capable of surviving at wide depth ranges. The shortfin mako shark (SMS) is the pelagic, largest, fastest and most sophisticated species of the shark kingdom with well developed eyes. Mostly the pisces species are cold blooded in nature. Distinctly, the SMSs are warm-blooded animals with an advanced circulatory system. SMSs are capable of maintaining elevated muscle temperatures up to 33 K above the ambient water temperatures at a depth of 150-500 m. SMSs have a diverged air-breathing mechanism compared with other vertebrates. The haemoglobin molecule consists of four polypeptide chains, namely two ? chains, each with 140 amino acids and two ? chains each having 136 amino acids. The SMS Hb was found to crystallize in monoclinic space group P21 using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method at room temperature. The crystal packing parameters for the SMS Hb structure contain one whole biological molecule in the asymmetric unit with a solvent content of 47%. The SMS Hb quaternary structural features interface-interface interactions and heme binding sites are discussed with different state Hbs and the results reveal that SMS Hb adopts an unliganded deoxy T state conformation.
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Project description:The shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) is a species commonly targeted by commercial and recreational anglers in many parts of the developed world. In Australia, the species is targeted by recreational anglers only, under the assumption that most of the sharks are released and populations remain minimally impacted. If released sharks do not survive, the current management strategy will need to be revised. Shortfin mako sharks are commonly subjected to lengthy angling events; however, their endothermic physiology may provide an advantage over ectothermic fishes when recovering from exercise. This study assessed the post-release survival of recreationally caught shortfin mako sharks using Survivorship Pop-up Archival Transmitting (sPAT) tags and examined physiological indicators of capture stress from blood samples as well as any injuries that may be caused by hook selection. Survival estimates were based on 30 shortfin mako sharks captured off the south-eastern coast of Australia. Three mortalities were observed over the duration of the study, yielding an overall survival rate of 90%. All mortalities occurred in sharks angled for <30 min. Sharks experienced increasing plasma lactate with longer fight times and higher sea surface temperatures (SSTs), increased plasma glucose at higher SSTs and depressed expression of heat shock protein 70 and β-hydroxybutyrate at higher SSTs. Long fight times did not impact survival. Circle hooks significantly reduced foul hooking when compared with J hooks. Under the conditions of this study, we found that physical injury associated with hook choice is likely to have contributed to an increased likelihood of mortality, whereas the high aerobic scope associated with the species' endothermy probably enabled it to cope with long fight times and the associated physiological responses to capture.
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Project description:The aim of this study was to reveal potential relationship between the main flow field around a shortfin mako shark and the surface morphology of shark skin. Firstly, a numerical simulation using the large eddy simulation (LES) method was conducted to obtain the main flow field around a smooth shark model. Then, the surface morphology characteristics of a shark (Isurus oxyrinchus) at different positions were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), which showed that the morphology, riblet size, and density of scales at different positions on the shark were significantly different. At positions where the surfaces face into the water flow direction (i.e., nose and leading edge of fins), the scales were flat and round, with a lower density, and the pressure or wall shear stress (WSS) was greater. Scales with three longitudinal riblets ending in three tips were found on the middle and trailing edges of the first dorsal fin and caudal fin, where water flow states progress from transitional to turbulent. The ranges of the ratio of riblet depth to spacing (RD/RS) in the anterior zone, middle zone and posterior zone of the shark were 0.05-0.17, 0.08-0.23, and 0.32-0.33, respectively. The riblet angle generally followed the flow direction, but it varied across different areas of the body. The turbulence intensity increased gradually across the first dorsal fin, pectoral fin, caudal fin, and the shark body overall. In summary, it was found that the microstructure riblets on the shark skin surface, generally thought to be drag reduction structures, were only located in transitional and turbulent regions at the middle and trailing edge of the shark body and fin surfaces, and there were almost no microstructural grooves in the laminar flow regions along the leading edge. These findings can provide design guidance for engineering applications of bionic riblet surfaces. Riblets placed in transitional and fully turbulent regions can be used to effectively reduce drag. The riblet direction should be consistent with the direction of flow.
| S-EPMC9081372 | biostudies-literature
Project description:The shortfin mako shark is a large-bodied pursuit predator thought to be capable of the highest swimming speeds of any elasmobranch and potentially one of the highest energetic demands of any marine fish. Nonetheless, few direct speed measurements have been reported for this species. Here, animal-borne bio-loggers attached to two mako sharks were used to provide direct measurements of swimming speeds, kinematics and thermal physiology. Mean sustained (cruising) speed was 0.90 m s-1 (±0.07 s.d.) with a mean tail-beat frequency (TBF) of 0.51 Hz (±0.16 s.d.). The maximum burst speed recorded was 5.02 m s-1 (TBFmax = 3.65 Hz) from a 2 m long female. Burst swimming was sustained for 14 s (mean speed = 2.38 m s-1 ), leading to a 0.24°C increase in white muscle temperature in the 12.5 min after the burst. Routine field metabolic rate was estimated at 185.2 mg O2 kg-1 h-1 (at 18°C ambient temperature). Gliding behaviour (zero TBF) was more frequently observed after periods of high activity, especially after capture when internal (white muscle) temperature approached 21°C (ambient temperature: 18.3°C), indicating gliding probably functions as an energy recovery mechanism and limits further metabolic heat production. The results show shortfin mako sharks generally cruise at speeds similar to other endothermic fish - but faster than ectothermic sharks - with the maximum recorded burst speed being among the highest so far directly measured among sharks, tunas and billfishes. This newly recorded high-oxygen-demand performance of mako sharks suggests it may be particularly vulnerable to habitat loss due to climate-driven ocean deoxygenation.
| S-EPMC10952363 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Shark tooth enameloid is a hard tissue made up of nanoscale fluorapatite crystallites arranged in a unique hierarchical pattern. This microstructural design results in a macroscopic material that is stiff, strong, and tough, despite consisting almost completely of brittle mineral. In this contribution, we characterize and compare the enameloid microstructure of two modern lamniform sharks, Isurus oxyrinchus (shortfin mako shark) and Carcharias taurus (spotted ragged-tooth shark), based on scanning electron microscopy images. The hierarchical microstructure of shark enameloid is discussed in comparison with amniote enamel. Striking similarities in the microstructures of the two hard tissues are found. Identical structural motifs have developed on different levels of the hierarchy in response to similar biomechanical requirements in enameloid and enamel. Analyzing these structural patterns allows the identification of general microstructural design principles and their biomechanical function, thus paving the way for the design of bioinspired composite materials with superior properties such as high strength combined with high fracture resistance.
| S-EPMC8070439 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Isurus oxyrinchus Genome sequencing and assembly
| PRJNA858840 | ENA