Dataset Information

Restaurant interventions for salt reduction in China: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Salt intake in China is high, and most of it comes from that added by consumers. Nevertheless, recent years have seen a rapid increase in the frequency at which people eat out. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions designed for salt reduction in restaurants through a randomised controlled trial in China.

Methods and analysis: As a randomised controlled trial with restaurants as study subjects, we recruited 192 restaurants from 12 counties of 6 provinces in China. After the baseline survey, restaurants were randomly assigned to intervention or control group. Using social cognitive theory, comprehensive intervention activities were designed to encourage salt reduction in all restaurant foods, and at the same time, to encourage consumers to choose lower salt options when eating out. The interventions will be conducted only in restaurants of the intervention group during the first year. The follow-up assessment will be conducted at the end of the trial. The primary outcome is the change in the average salt content of the five best-selling dishes of the restaurant, as measured by laboratory tests. Secondary outcomes include differences in the monthly use of salt and salty condiments between intervention and control restaurants, and the knowledge, attitude and practice on salt among restaurant consumers.

Ethics and dissemination: The study was reviewed and approved by the Review Board of the National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention and Queen Mary Research Ethics Committee. Results will be disseminated through presentations, publications and social media.

Trial registration number: ChiCTR1800019694; Pre-results.

SUBMITTER: Du W

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7713225 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Restaurant interventions for salt reduction in China: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Du Wenwen W Zhang Jiguo J Li Yuan Y He Feng J FJ Zhou Xue X Xu Zhihua Z Gao Yifu Y Yin Lei L Chang Xiaoyu X Yan Wei W Tan Monique M MacGregor Graham A GA Luo Rong R Zhang Puhong P Wang Huijun H

BMJ open 20201202 12

<h4>Introduction</h4>Salt intake in China is high, and most of it comes from that added by consumers. Nevertheless, recent years have seen a rapid increase in the frequency at which people eat out. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions designed for salt reduction in restaurants through a randomised controlled trial in China.<h4>Methods and analysis</h4>As a randomised controlled trial with restaurants as study subjects, we recruited 192 restaurants from 12 count ...[more]

PMID: 33268406

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Project description:INTRODUCTION:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a rapid and fatal motor disease marked by progressive physical impairment due to muscle weakness and wasting. It is multidimensional with many patients presenting with cognitive and/or behavioural impairment. Caregivers of patients with ALS, commonly non-paid immediate family members, often take primary responsibility for the complex care needs of patients in non-medicalised setting, and many as a consequence experience caregiver burden, anxiety, and/or depression. METHODS AND ANALYSIS:This randomised controlled trial (RCT) will use randomisation to allocate n=75 caregivers of patients with ALS from the national ALS clinic into three groups with an equal distribution. The RCT consists of two intervention groups and a wait list control (treatment as usual [TAU]) group. The intervention arms of the trial consist of a 'mindfulness-based stress reduction' and 'building better caregivers' manualised group-based intervention, with 9 and 6 weekly sessions, respectively. The TAU group will have access to intervention at the end of the trial period. Primary outcomes are self-report questionnaires on anxiety and depression symptoms, with caregiver burden and quality of life considered secondary outcomes. Assessment will commence at baseline, immediately following the intervention period, and after a period of 12 weeks to assess the effectiveness and efficacy of participating in an intervention. Patient cognitive and behavioural data will also be considered. Means of treatment and control groups at Time 0 and 1 will be analysed using mixed model multivariate analysis of variance followed by analysis of variance, and treatment effect-sizes will be calculated. This RCT protocol is pre-results and has been registered with an international database resulting in an International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Number (ISRCTN53226941). ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION:Ethics approval was obtained from the Beaumont Hospital Medical Research Ethics Committee. Results of the main trial will be submitted for publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

Project description:RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE:Salt reduction remains a global challenge and different salt reduction strategies have been studied in China. This study is to systematically evaluate evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCT) in China and inform the effective salt reduction strategies. DESIGN:Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES:MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Wanfang Data and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases through October 2019. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA:RCTs conducted in China with at least 4?weeks' duration of study and blood pressure (BP) reported. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS:Data were screened, extracted and appraised by two independent reviewers. The quality of study was assessed using a modified Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias tool. The primary outcome was the difference in BP change from baseline to the end of study between interventions and control. The effects were pooled using a random effects model and associated factors were explored by a meta-regression. RESULTS:We identified 24 studies involving 10?448 participants, including 8 studies on health education (4583 participants), 2 studies on salt restriction diet (162 participants), 1 study on salt restriction spoon (50 participants) and 13 studies on salt substitute (5653 participants). Six studies on salt substitute and three studies on health education were identified with high quality. Pooled results from the six studies showed that salt substitutes significantly reduced systolic BP (-5.7?mm Hg; 95%?CI -8.5 to -2.8) and diastolic BP (-2.0?mm Hg; 95%?CI -3.5 to -0.4). The School-EduSalt study showed that the school-based health education significantly reduced systolic BP among parents (-2.3?mm Hg; 95%?CI -4.5 to -0.04). CONCLUSIONS:Among four salt reduction strategies studied in China with RCT design, only salt substitute was proved effective in lowering BP by the pooled effect from multiple studies with high quality. More well-designed studies are warranted for other strategies.

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Restaurant interventions for salt reduction in China: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

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Restaurant interventions for salt reduction in China: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

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