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Effect of Exercise or Metformin on Biomarkers of Inflammation in Breast and Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Trial.

ABSTRACT: Observational studies report that physical activity and metformin are associated with improved clinical outcome in patients with cancer. Inflammation is one biological mechanism hypothesized to mediate these associations. In this phase II, multicenter, 2 × 2 factorial trial, 139 patients with breast and colorectal cancer who completed standard therapy were randomized to one of four treatment groups for 12 weeks: exercise alone, metformin alone, exercise and metformin, or control. Inflammation outcomes included high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), soluble tumor necrosis factor alpha receptor two (sTNFαR2), and IL6. The primary modeling strategy evaluated the trial product estimand that was quantified using a generalized linear mixed model. Compared with control, exercise alone reduced hs-CRP [-30.2%; 95% confidence interval (CI), -50.3, -1.0] and IL6 (-30.9%; 95% CI, -47.3, -9.5) but did not change sTNFαR2 (1.0%; 95% CI, -10.4, 13.9). Compared with control, metformin alone did not change hs-CRP (-13.9%; 95% CI, -40.0, 23.4), sTNFαR2 (-10.4%; 95% CI, -21.3, 2.0), or IL6 (-22.9%; 95% CI, -42.3, 2.0). Compared with control, exercise and metformin reduced sTNFαR2 (-13.1%; 95% CI, -22.9, -1.0) and IL6 (-38.7%; 95% CI, -52.3, -18.9) but did not change hs-CRP (-20.5%; 95% CI, -44.0, 12.7). The combination of exercise and metformin was not synergistic for hs-CRP, sTNFαR2, or IL6. In survivors of breast and colorectal cancer with low baseline physical activity and without type 2 diabetes, exercise and metformin reduced measures of inflammation that are associated with cancer recurrence and mortality.

SUBMITTER: Brown JC

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7718298 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Effect of Exercise or Metformin on Biomarkers of Inflammation in Breast and Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Trial.

Brown Justin C JC Zhang Sui S Ligibel Jennifer A JA Irwin Melinda L ML Jones Lee W LW Campbell Nancy N Pollak Michael N MN Sorrentino Alexandra A Cartmel Brenda B Harrigan Maura M Tolaney Sara M SM Winer Eric P EP Ng Kimmie K Abrams Thomas A TA Sanft Tara T Douglas Pamela S PS Hu Frank B FB Fuchs Charles S CS Meyerhardt Jeffrey A JA

Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) 20200828 12

Observational studies report that physical activity and metformin are associated with improved clinical outcome in patients with cancer. Inflammation is one biological mechanism hypothesized to mediate these associations. In this phase II, multicenter, 2 × 2 factorial trial, 139 patients with breast and colorectal cancer who completed standard therapy were randomized to one of four treatment groups for 12 weeks: exercise alone, metformin alone, exercise and metformin, or control. Inflammation ou ...[more]

PMID: 32859615

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Project description:BackgroundObservational data support inverse relationships between exercise or metformin use and disease outcomes in colorectal and breast cancer survivors, although the mechanisms underlying these associations are not well understood.MethodsIn a phase II trial, stage I-III colorectal and breast cancer survivors who completed standard therapy were randomly assigned to structured exercise or metformin or both or neither for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was change in fasting insulin levels; secondary outcomes included changes in other blood-based energetic biomarkers and anthropometric measurements. Analyses used linear mixed models.ResultsIn total, 139 patients were randomly assigned; 91 (65%) completed follow-up assessments. Fasting insulin levels statistically significantly decreased in all three intervention arms (-2.47 μU/mL combination arm, -0.08 μU/mL exercise only, -1.16 μU/mL metformin only, + 2.79 μU/mL control arm). Compared with the control arm, all groups experienced statistically significant weight loss between baseline and 12 weeks (-1.8% combination arm, -0.22% exercise only, -1.0% metformin only, +1.55% control). The combination arm also experienced statistically significant improvements in the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (-30.6% combination arm, +61.2% control) and leptin (-42.2% combination arm, -0.8% control), compared with the control arm. The interventions did not change insulin-like growth factor-1 or insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 measurements as compared with the control arm. Tolerance to metformin limited compliance (approximately 50% of the participants took at least 75% of the planned dosages in both treatment arms).ConclusionsThe combination of exercise and metformin statistically significantly improved insulin and associated metabolic markers, as compared to the control arm, with potential greater effect than either exercise or metformin alone though power limited formal synergy testing. Larger efforts are warranted to determine if such a combined modality intervention can improve outcomes in colorectal and breast cancer survivors.

Project description:ImportanceMetformin, a biguanide commonly used to treat type 2 diabetes, has been associated with potential beneficial effects across breast cancer subtypes in observational and preclinical studies.ObjectiveTo determine whether the administration of adjuvant metformin (vs placebo) to patients with breast cancer without diabetes improves outcomes.Design, setting, and participantsMA.32, a phase 3 randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, conducted in Canada, Switzerland, US, and UK, enrolled 3649 patients with high-risk nonmetastatic breast cancer receiving standard therapy between August 2010 and March 2013, with follow-up to October 2020.InterventionsPatients were randomized (stratified for hormone receptor [estrogen receptor and/or progesterone receptor {ER/PgR}] status, positive vs negative; body mass index, ≤30 vs >30; human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [ERBB2, formerly HER2 or HER2/neu], positive vs negative; and any vs no chemotherapy) to 850 mg of oral metformin twice a day (n = 1824) or oral placebo twice a day (n = 1825) for 5 years.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was invasive disease-free survival in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer. Of the 8 secondary outcomes, overall survival, distant relapse-free survival, and breast cancer-free interval were analyzed.ResultsOf the 3649 randomized patients (mean age, 52.4 years; 3643 women [99.8%]), all (100%) were included in analyses. After a second interim analysis, futility was declared for patients who were ER/PgR-, so the primary analysis was conducted for 2533 patients who were ER/PgR+. The median duration of follow-up in the ER/PgR+ group was 96.2 months (range, 0.2-121 months). Invasive disease-free survival events occurred in 465 patients who were ER/PgR+. The incidence rates for invasive disease-free survival events were 2.78 per 100 patient-years in the metformin group vs 2.74 per 100 patient-years in the placebo group (hazard ratio [HR], 1.01; 95% CI, 0.84-1.21; P = .93), and the incidence rates for death were 1.46 per 100 patient-years in the metformin group vs 1.32 per 100 patient-years in the placebo group (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.86-1.41; P = .47). Among patients who were ER/PgR-, followed up for a median of 94.1 months, incidence of invasive disease-free survival events was 3.58 vs 3.60 per 100 patient-years, respectively (HR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.79-1.30; P = .92). None of the 3 secondary outcomes analyzed in the ER/PgR+ group had statistically significant differences. Grade 3 nonhematological toxic events occurred more frequently in patients taking metformin than in patients taking placebo (21.5% vs 17.5%, respectively, P = .003). The most common grade 3 or higher adverse events in the metformin vs placebo groups were hypertension (2.4% vs 1.9%), irregular menses (1.5% vs 1.4%), and diarrhea (1.9% vs 7.0%).Conclusions and relevanceAmong patients with high-risk operable breast cancer without diabetes, the addition of metformin vs placebo to standard breast cancer treatment did not significantly improve invasive disease-free survival.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01101438.

Dataset Information

Effect of Exercise or Metformin on Biomarkers of Inflammation in Breast and Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Trial.

Publications

Effect of Exercise or Metformin on Biomarkers of Inflammation in Breast and Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Trial.

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