Dataset Information

The effects of migration on the immunity of Black-Headed Gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus: Laridae).

ABSTRACT: In order to elucidate the relationship between migration period and immunity related to susceptibility, we conducted research on Black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus). We captured 260 gulls and collected their peripheral blood. Their leukocyte (WBC) count, percentages of heterophils (Het) and lymphocytes (Lym), heterophil and lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio), and CD4 and CD8? expression levels (CD4 and CD8?, respectively) were quantitatively analyzed over three migration periods (Autumn migration, Wintering, Spring migration). In Adult gulls, WBC counts and CD4 levels significantly increased. Moreover, the Het and H/L ratio decreased from the Autumn migration to Wintering. Conversely, only WBC counts and CD4 levels measurements significantly decreased from Wintering to Spring migration (P<0.05). The tested parameters of the Tokyo-bay population show a greater significant difference than the measurements of immunity of the Mikawa-bay population. This study suggests that the migratory period has a negative effect on an aspect of the immune system. Including the period-difference in the immune systems in the local population, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between the ecology of migratory birds and their immunity.

SUBMITTER: Ushine N

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7719892 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Nov

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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The effects of migration on the immunity of Black-Headed Gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus: Laridae).

Ushine Nana N Kurata Osamu O Tanaka Yoshikazu Y Sato Tatsuo T Kurahashi Yoshihiro Y Hayama Shin-Ichi SI

The Journal of veterinary medical science 20200921 11

In order to elucidate the relationship between migration period and immunity related to susceptibility, we conducted research on Black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus). We captured 260 gulls and collected their peripheral blood. Their leukocyte (WBC) count, percentages of heterophils (Het) and lymphocytes (Lym), heterophil and lymphocyte ratio (H/L ratio), and CD4 and CD8α expression levels (CD4 and CD8α, respectively) were quantitatively analyzed over three migration periods (Autumn mi ...[more]

PMID: 32963148

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Project description:Infections of domestic and wild birds with low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) have been associated with protective immunity to subsequent infection. However, the degree and duration of immunity in wild birds from previous LPAIV infection, by the same or a different subtype, are poorly understood. Therefore, we inoculated H13N2 (A/black-headed gull/Netherlands/7/2009) and H16N3 (A/black-headed gull/Netherlands/26/2009) LPAIVs into black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus), their natural host species, and measured the long-term immune response and protection against one or two reinfections over a period of >1 year. This is the typical interval between LPAIV epizootics in wild birds. Reinfection with the same virus resulted in progressively less virus excretion, with complete abrogation of virus excretion after two infections for H13 but not H16. However, reinfection with the other virus affected neither the level nor duration of virus excretion. Virus excretion by immunologically naive birds did not differ in total levels of excreted H13 or H16 virus between first- and second-year birds, but the duration of H13 excretion was shorter for second-year birds. Furthermore, serum antibody levels did not correlate with protection against LPAIV infection. LPAIV-infected gulls showed no clinical signs of disease. These results imply that the epidemiological cycles of H13 and H16 in black-headed gulls are relatively independent from each other and depend mainly on infection of first-year birds.Low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) circulate mainly in wild water birds but are occasionally transmitted to other species, including humans, where they cause subclinical to fatal disease. To date, the effect of LPAIV-specific immunity on the epidemiology of LPAIV in wild birds is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of H13 and H16 LPAIV infection in black-headed gulls on susceptibility and virus excretion of subsequent infection with the same or the other virus within the same breeding season and between breeding seasons. These are the only two LPAIV hemagglutinin subtypes predominating in this species. The findings suggest that H13 and H16 LPAIV cycles in black-headed gull populations are independent of each other, indicate the importance of first-year birds in LPAIV epidemiology, and emphasize the need for alternatives to avian influenza virus (AIV)-specific serum antibodies as evidence of past LPAIV infection and correlates of protection against LPAIV infection in wild birds.

Project description:We studied the influence of glacial oscillations on the genetic structure of seven species of white-headed gull that breed at high latitudes (Larus argentatus, L. canus, L. glaucescens, L. glaucoides, L. hyperboreus, L. schistisagus, and L. thayeri). We evaluated localities hypothesized as ice-free areas or glacial refugia in other Arctic vertebrates using molecular data from 11 microsatellite loci, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region, and six nuclear introns for 32 populations across the Holarctic. Moderate levels of genetic structure were observed for microsatellites (F(ST)= 0.129), introns (Φ(ST)= 0.185), and mtDNA control region (Φ(ST)= 0.461), with among-group variation maximized when populations were grouped based on subspecific classification. Two haplotype and at least two allele groups were observed across all loci. However, no haplotype/allele group was composed solely of individuals of a single species, a pattern consistent with recent divergence. Furthermore, northernmost populations were not well differentiated and among-group variation was maximized when L. argentatus and L. hyberboreus populations were grouped by locality rather than species, indicating recent hybridization. Four populations are located in putative Pleistocene glacial refugia and had larger τ estimates than the other 28 populations. However, we were unable to substantiate these putative refugia using coalescent theory, as all populations had genetic signatures of stability based on mtDNA. The extent of haplotype and allele sharing among Arctic white-headed gull species is noteworthy. Studies of other Arctic taxa have generally revealed species-specific clusters as well as genetic structure within species, usually correlated with geography. Aspects of white-headed gull behavioral biology, such as colonization ability and propensity to hybridize, as well as their recent evolutionary history, have likely played a large role in the limited genetic structure observed.

Dataset Information

The effects of migration on the immunity of Black-Headed Gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus: Laridae).

Publications

The effects of migration on the immunity of Black-Headed Gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus: Laridae).

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