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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) associated with mastitis among water buffaloes in the Philippines.

ABSTRACT: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from dairy animals could pose a public health concern in the population. The study was designed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA associated with mastitis among water buffaloes in the central part of Luzon island, the Philippines, and to investigate its associated factors. Three hundred and eighty-four water buffaloes were examined for mastitis using California mastitis test (CMT). Composite milk samples (n = 93) were collected from buffaloes showing positive reaction with CMT. S. aureus was identified from milk samples using biochemical tests. Cefoxitin disk diffusion assay and PCR detecting mecA gene were performed to identify MRSA isolates. Disk diffusion assay was used to investigate the antimicrobial resistance against 9 antibiotics. The prevalence of S. aureus was 41.94% (39/93). MRSA isolates resistant to cefoxitin were at 25.81% (24/93) but only 37.5% (9/24) harbored the mecA gene. All 24 MRSA isolates were resistant to penicillin while the majority were susceptible to clindamycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, gentamycin, tetracycline, rifampicin, ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol with intermediate susceptibility to erythromycin. Furthermore, 37.5% of the isolates were found resistant to two or more antibiotics. Animal-level factor associated with MRSA infection was the history of mastitis (OR = 3.18, CI = 1.03-9.79, p = 0.040). Herd-level factors associated with the detection of MRSA in milk included herd size (OR = 4.24, CI = 1.05-17.07, p = 0.042) and the presence of other animals (OR = 0.15, CI = 0.04-0.58, p = 0.006). High prevalence of intramammary infection with S. aureus and MRSA in dairy buffaloes was observed in the region. This finding raises the concern of preventing zoonotic spread of MRSA.

SUBMITTER: Badua AT

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7723804 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) associated with mastitis among water buffaloes in the Philippines.

Badua Alona T AT Boonyayatra Sukolrat S Awaiwanont Nattakarn N Gaban Paula Blanca V PBV Mingala Claro N CN

Heliyon 20201207 12

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from dairy animals could pose a public health concern in the population. The study was designed to determine the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA associated with mastitis among water buffaloes in the central part of Luzon island, the Philippines, and to investigate its associated factors. Three hundred and eighty-four water buffaloes were examined for mastitis using California mastitis test (CMT). Composite milk samples (n = 93) we ...[more]

PMID: 33319108

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Project description:The herbal products proved to be more promising antimicrobials even though their antimicrobial activity is milder than commercially available antibiotics. Moreover, herbal drugs may act synergistically with antibiotics to kill microbes. In this study, we aimed to enhance the activity of penicillin against MRSA through combination with the active saponin fraction isolated from the Zygophyllum album plant. Three different types of metabolites (saponins, sterols, and phenolics) have been extracted from Zygophyllum album with ethanol and purified using different chromatographic techniques. The antibacterial activity of crude extract and the separated metabolites were checked against MRSA isolates, Saponin fraction (ZA-S) was only the active one followed by the crude extract. Therefore, the compounds in this fraction were identified using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography connected to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC/QTOF-MS) operated in positive and negative ionization modes. UHPLC/QTOF-MS revealed the presence of major six ursane-type tritepenoidal saponins (Quinovic acid, Quinovic acid 3β-O-β-D-quinovopyranoside, Zygophylloside C, Zygophylloside G, Zygophylloside K and Ursolic acid), in addition to Oleanolic acid. Interaction studies between saponin fraction and penicillin against MRSA were performed through the checkerboard method and time-kill assay. According to checkerboard results, only three combinations showed a fractional inhibitory concentration index less than 0.5 at concentrations of (62.5 + 312.5, 62.5 + 156.25, and 62.5 + 78.125 of penicillin and ZA-S, respectively). Time kill assay results showed that the highest reduction in log10 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml of initial inoculum of MRSA after 24 h occurred by 3.7 at concentrations of 62.5 + 312.5 (µg/µg)/ml of penicillin and ZA-S, respectively. Thus, the combination between saponin fraction of Zygophyllum album and penicillin with these concentrations could be a potential agent against MRSA that can serve as possible model for new antibacterial drug.

Project description:Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major nosocomial pathogen subdivided into lineages termed sequence types (STs). Since the 1950s, successive waves of STs have appeared and replaced previously dominant lineages. One such event has been occurring in China since 2013, with community-associated (CA-MRSA) strains including ST59 largely replacing the previously dominant healthcare-associated (HA-MRSA) ST239. We previously showed that ST59 isolates tend to have a competitive advantage in growth experiments against ST239. However, the underlying genomic and phenotypic drivers of this replacement event are unclear. Methods Here, we investigated the replacement of ST239 using whole-genome sequencing data from 204 ST239 and ST59 isolates collected in Chinese hospitals between 1994 and 2016. We reconstructed the evolutionary history of each ST and considered two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses for ST59 replacing ST239: antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile and/or ability to colonise and persist in the environment through biofilm formation. We also investigated the differences in cytolytic activity, linked to higher virulence, between STs. We performed an association study using the presence and absence of accessory virulence genes. Results ST59 isolates carried fewer AMR genes than ST239 and showed no evidence of evolving towards higher AMR. Biofilm production was marginally higher in ST59 overall, though this effect was not consistent across sub-lineages so is unlikely to be a sole driver of replacement. Consistent with previous observations of higher virulence in CA-MRSA STs, we observed that ST59 isolates exhibit significantly higher cytolytic activity than ST239 isolates, despite carrying on average fewer putative virulence genes. Our association study identified the chemotaxis inhibitory protein (chp) as a strong candidate for involvement in the increased virulence potential of ST59. We experimentally validated the role of chp in increasing the virulence potential of ST59 by creating Δchp knockout mutants, confirming that ST59 can carry chp without a measurable impact on fitness. Conclusions Our results suggest that the ongoing replacement of ST239 by ST59 in China is not associated to higher AMR carriage or biofilm production. However, the increase in ST59 prevalence is concerning since it is linked to a higher potential for virulence, aided by the carriage of the chp gene. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13073-021-00992-x.

Dataset Information

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) associated with mastitis among water buffaloes in the Philippines.

Publications

Methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA) associated with mastitis among water buffaloes in the Philippines.

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