Use of etomidate in patients with heart failure undergoing noncardiac surgery.
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ABSTRACT: Background
Patients with symptomatic and asymptomatic heart failure undergoing noncardiac surgery may benefit from the haemodynamic profile of etomidate. However, the safety of etomidate in this population is unknown. We examined anaesthesiologist variation in etomidate use and assessed its safety using an instrumental variable approach to account for differences in treatment selection.Methods
A retrospective cohort study of 19 714 patients with heart failure undergoing noncardiac surgery at two tertiary care institutions from January 2006 to December 2017 was performed. The proportion of etomidate use among 294 anaesthesiologists was examined and adjusted risk differences (aRD) for in-hospital and 30-day mortality were calculated using physician preference for etomidate as an instrumental variable.Results
Etomidate was used in 14.3% (2821/19 714) of patients. Preference for etomidate varied substantially among individual anaesthesiologists with the lowest and highest quartile users using etomidate in 0-4.7% and 20.4-66.7% of their own heart failure patients, respectively. The adjusted instrumental variable analysis showed no significant differences in the risk of in-hospital (aRD -0.2%; 95% confidence interval, -2.4%-1.9%; P=0.83) or 30 day mortality (aRD 0.2%; 95% confidence interval, -2.5%-2.9%; P=0.90). Anaesthesiologists with higher preferences for etomidate were more experienced (greater heart failure and total case volume) than anaesthesiologists with lower preferences for etomidate.Conclusions
We found substantial variability in anaesthesiologists' preference for etomidate for use in patients with heart failure undergoing noncardiac surgery. There was no association between etomidate use and in-hospital or 30-day mortality. Etomidate is not inferior to other currently used options for induction of general anaesthesia in patients with heart failure.
SUBMITTER: Chung M
PROVIDER: S-EPMC7729846 | biostudies-literature |
REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature
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Project description:Pulmonary hypertension (PH), defined by a mean pulmonary artery pressure of >25mm Hg at rest, is strongly associated with morbidity and mortality in the perioperative period. The prevalence and outcomes of PH among patients referred for major noncardiac surgery in the United States are unknown. Patients ≥18 years of age hospitalized for noncardiac surgery were identified from Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's National Inpatient Sample data from 2004 to 2014. Pulmonary hypertension was defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision diagnosis codes. The primary outcome was perioperative major adverse cardiovascular events (MACCE), defined as in-hospital death, myocardial infarction, or ischemic stroke. Among 17,853,194 hospitalizations for major noncardiac surgery, 143,846 (0.81%) had PH. MACCE occurred in 8.3% of hospitalizations with any diagnosis of PH in comparison to 2.0% of those without PH (p <0.001), driven by an increased frequency of death (4.4% vs 1.1%, p <0.001) and nonfatal myocardial infarction (3.2% vs 0.6%, p <0.001). After adjusting for demographics, clinical covariates, and surgery type, PH remained independently associated with MACCE (aOR 1.43, 95% CI 1.40 to 1.46). In conclusion, PH is associated with perioperative major adverse cardiovascular events. Careful patient selection, recognition of perioperative risks, and appropriate intraoperative hemodynamic monitoring may improve perioperative cardiovascular outcomes.
| S-EPMC6453742 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundAbnormal cardiac repolarization, indicated by a prolongation of the QT interval, increases the risk for torsades de pointes, a potentially life-threatening arrhythmia. Many perioperatively administered drugs and conditions prolong the QT interval. Despite several reports of perioperative torsades de pointes, systematic evidence regarding perioperative QT interval prolongation is limited.MethodsSerial postoperative 12-lead electrocardiograms were obtained from 469 adult patients undergoing major noncardiac surgery under general anesthesia. Heart rate corrected QT-interval duration (Fridericia formula) was the primary outcome. All perioperatively administered drugs were recorded. Emphasis was placed on absolute QTc prolongation greater than 500 ms and relative increases of 30 and 60 ms.ResultsAt the end of surgery, 80% of the patients (345 of 429) experienced a significant QTc interval prolongation (ΔQTc 23 ± 26 ms (mean and SD), 95% CI 20-25 ms, P less than 0.001). Approximately 51% (219 of 429) had a QTc greater than 440 ms, and 4% (16 of 429) a QTc greater than 500 ms. In 39% (166 of 429), the ΔQTc was greater than 30 ms, in 8% (34 of 429) >60 ms, and in greater than 0.5% (2 of 429) >100 ms. No changes in ΔQTc occurred at subsequent time points. One patient developed torsades de pointes with a ΔQTc: 29 ms (0.4% incidence rate). Several drugs had a large effect on ΔQTc: isoflurane, methadone, ketorolac, cefoxitin, zosyn, unasyn, epinephrine, ephedrine, and calcium. Postoperative body temperature had a weak negative correlation with ΔQTc (r = -0.15, P = 0.02); serum magnesium, potassium, and calcium concentrations were not correlated.ConclusionPostoperative QT-interval prolongation is common. Several perioperatively administered drugs are associated with a substantial QT-interval prolongation. The exact cause and its clinical relevance are, however, unclear. Nevertheless, an association between postoperative QT prolongation and risk for torsades de pointes is likely.
| S-EPMC3406265 | biostudies-literature
Project description:AimsHeart failure (HF) affects ∼5.7 million US adults and many of these patients develop non-cardiac disease that requires surgery. The aim of this study was to determine perioperative outcomes associated with HF in a large cohort of patients undergoing in-hospital non-cardiac surgery.Methods and resultsAdults ≥18 years old undergoing non-cardiac surgery between 2012 and 2014 were identified using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project National Inpatient Sample. Patients with HF were identified by ICD-9 diagnosis codes. The primary outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate associations between HF and outcomes. A total of 21 560 996 surgical hospitalizations were identified, of which 1 063 405 (4.9%) had a diagnosis of HF. Among hospitalizations with HF, 4.7% had acute HF, 11.3% had acute on chronic HF, 27.8% had chronic HF, and 56.2% had an indeterminate diagnosis code that did not specify temporality. In-hospital perioperative mortality was more common among patients with any diagnosis of HF compared to those without HF [4.8% vs. 0.78%, P < 0.001; adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.15, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.09-2.22], and the association between HF and mortality was greatest at small and non-teaching hospitals. Acute HF without chronic HF was associated with 8.0% mortality. Among patients with a chronic HF diagnosis, perioperative mortality was greater in those with acute on chronic HF compared to chronic HF alone (7.8% vs. 3.9%, P < 0.001; aOR 1.78, 95% CI 1.67-1.90).ConclusionIn patients hospitalized for non-cardiac surgery, HF was common and was associated with increased risk of perioperative mortality. The greatest risks were in patients with acute HF.
| S-EPMC7834859 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceHeart failure is an established risk factor for postoperative mortality, but how left ventricular ejection fraction and heart failure symptoms affect surgical outcomes is not fully described.ObjectivesTo determine the risk of postoperative mortality among patients with heart failure at various levels of echocardiographic (left ventricular systolic dysfunction) and clinical (symptoms) severity compared with those without heart failure and to evaluate how risk varies across levels of surgical complexity.Design, setting, and participantsUS multisite retrospective cohort study of all adult patients receiving elective, noncardiac surgery in the Veterans Affairs Surgical Quality Improvement Project database from 2009 through 2016. A total of 609 735 patient records were identified and analyzed with 1 year of follow-up after having surgery (final study follow-up: September 1, 2017).ExposuresHeart failure, left ventricular ejection fraction, and presence of signs or symptoms of heart failure within 30 days of surgery.Main outcome and measureThe primary outcome was postoperative mortality at 90 days.ResultsOutcome data from 47 997 patients with heart failure (7.9%; mean [SD] age, 68.6 [10.1] years; 1391 women [2.9%]) and 561 738 patients without heart failure (92.1%; mean [SD] age, 59.4 [13.4] years; 50 862 women [9.1%]) were analyzed. Compared with patients without heart failure, those with heart failure had a higher risk of 90-day postoperative mortality (2635 vs 6881 90-day deaths; crude mortality risk, 5.49% vs 1.22%; adjusted absolute risk difference [RD], 1.03% [95% CI, 0.91%-1.15%]; adjusted odds ratio [OR], 1.67 [95% CI, 1.57-1.76]). Compared with patients without heart failure, symptomatic patients with heart failure (n = 5906) had a higher risk (597 deaths [10.11%]; adjusted absolute RD, 2.37% [95% CI, 2.06%-2.57%]; adjusted OR, 2.37 [95% CI, 2.14-2.63]). Asymptomatic patients with heart failure (n = 42 091) (2038 deaths [crude risk, 4.84%]; adjusted absolute RD, 0.74% [95% CI, 0.63%-0.87%]; adjusted OR, 1.53 [95% CI, 1.44-1.63]), including the subset with preserved left ventricular systolic function (1144 deaths [4.42%]; adjusted absolute RD, 0.66% [95% CI, 0.54%-0.79%]; adjusted OR, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.35-1.57]), also experienced elevated risk.Conclusions and relevanceAmong patients undergoing elective noncardiac surgery, heart failure with or without symptoms was significantly associated with 90-day postoperative mortality. These data may be helpful in preoperative discussions with patients with heart failure undergoing noncardiac surgery.
| S-EPMC6439591 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common perioperative arrhythmia. However, its occurrence and implications remain poorly defined in the setting of noncardiac procedures. We sought to define the incidence, prevalence, and prognostic implications of AF among patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) undergoing noncardiac surgery. Using a previously validated approach that employed unique patient-linked variables in the New York State Inpatient Database from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2014, the frequency of new-onset and pre-existing AF was determined in adults with ASCVD aged ≥18 years undergoing noncardiac surgery. The secondary outcomes were stroke within 1 month and all-cause mortality. Using multivariable logistic regression models, the factors and outcomes associated with new-onset AF after noncardiac surgery were assessed. Nine surgical subgroups of major noncardiac surgery served as exposure. A total of 184,775 patients were identified during the study period. Age ≥65, anemia, history of heart failure, valvular heart disease, and thoracic surgery were predictors of new-onset AF after noncardiac surgery. Among 3,806 patients (2.5%) developed new-onset AF and 31,603 (17.5%) patient had pre-existing AF. After multivariable-adjusted modeling, new-onset AF was associated with increased odds of stroke within 1 month (odds ratio: 1.31, 95% confidence interval: 1.12 to 1.53; p < 0.001)], mortality (odds ratio: 3.74; 95% confidence interval: 3.30 to 4.24; p < 0.001) and longer length of stay in the hospital (10 days; interquartile range: 6 to 16 days; p < 0.001). New-onset AF portends a poor prognosis in patients with ASCVD undergoing noncardiac surgeries. The risk profile of patients that develop new-onset AF differs across patient phenotypes and by surgical procedure.
| S-EPMC7261641 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundRed blood cell (RBC) transfusion is common in surgical patients, yet optimal transfusion targets are incompletely defined in the perioperative period. Hemoglobin levels at the time of hospital discharge may provide insight into transfusion practices, anemia management, and patient outcomes.Study design and methodsThis is an observational cohort study of adults receiving RBC transfusion during noncardiac surgery from 2010 to 2014. Multivariable regression was used to assess the relationships between hospital discharge hemoglobin concentrations, anemia severity (severe: <8 g/dL; moderate: 8-10 g/dL; mild/none: ≥10 g/dL), and clinical outcomes, including a primary outcome of 30-day hospital readmission and secondary outcomes of posthospitalization RBC transfusion, composite stroke or myocardial infarction, and mortality.ResultsA total of 3129 patients were included: 165 (5%) with severe discharge anemia, 1962 (63%) moderate, and 1002 (32%) with mild/none. Five hundred ninety-two (19%) were readmitted, with the highest rates observed with severe anemia (26% vs 19% for mild/none). Readmissions were not significantly different after multivariable adjustment (overall P = .216); however, in those receiving postoperative intensive care, severe anemia was associated with increased readmission rates (hazard ratio [HR], 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-2.71; reference mild/none]. Posthospitalization RBC transfusion rates were highest with severe anemia (25% vs 10% for mild/none; adjusted HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.5-3.3; P < .001). There were no significant differences in composite stroke/myocardial infarction, or mortality. RBC transfusion volumes did not modify anemia-outcome relationships.ConclusionHospital discharge hemoglobin values for transfused surgical patients were not associated with hospital readmission rates except for those receiving postoperative intensive care. Further evaluation is warranted to understand downstream consequences of postsurgical anemia.
| S-EPMC7881055 | biostudies-literature
Project description:BackgroundBased on 2 small randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from the 1990s, β-blockers were promoted to prevent perioperative cardiac events in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. In 2008, a large RCT (POISE trial) showed an increased mortality risk associated with perioperative β-blockade, raising concerns about an extensive β-Blocker use.ObjectivesThe objective of the study is to examine patterns of β-Blocker initiation among patients undergoing noncardiac elective surgery in the US.MethodsFrom a large, nationwide US health care insurer, we identified patients ≥18 years old who underwent moderate- to high-risk noncardiac elective surgery between 2003 and 2012 and initiated a β-Blocker within 30 days before surgery. We evaluated temporal trends and assessed the impact of the POISE trial on perioperative β-Blocker initiation. We also evaluated patient characteristics and examined the effect of temporal proximity to surgery on the likelihood of β-Blocker initiation.ResultsOf 499,752 patients undergoing surgery, 9,014 (18 per 1,000 patients) initiated a β-Blocker. β-Blocker initiation increased from 12 per 1,000 patients in 2003 to 23 before POISE, after which it decreased to 14 by December 2012 (P = .0001). β-Blocker initiation remained relatively high among patients undergoing vascular surgery or with Revised Cardiac Risk Index score ≥ 2. Proximity to surgery was highly predictive of β-Blocker initiation (odds ratio 3.34, 95% CI 3.17-3.51).ConclusionsAfter a period of a rapidly increasing trend, perioperative β-Blocker initiation decreased sharply in the second half of 2008 and continued to decrease afterwards. β-Blocker initiation remained relatively high in patients with Revised Cardiac Risk Index score ≥2 and in those undergoing major vascular surgery.
| S-EPMC7810354 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ObjectiveInsomnia is common in patients undergoing surgery. It can increase the rate of postoperative complications, interfere with patient recovery, and decrease hospital satisfaction. However, there are few studies on perioperative insomnia. This study was conducted to investigate the differences in the demographic, health status, and clinical characteristics of patients with and without insomnia postoperatively, and to identify the potential risk factors of insomnia.MethodsThere were 299 non-cardiac surgery patients, 165 females, and 134 males, with a mean age of 55 years, enrolled in the study. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 (GAD-7), and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) were administered to all the patients preoperatively. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used preoperatively, and at the end of the surgery, and then one day, two days, and three days after surgery. The PHQ-9, the GAD-7, and the ISI were repeated three days after surgery. Insomnia was diagnosed by the ISI as being a score of 8-28 (mild: 8-14; moderate-severe: 15-21; severe: 22-28). The patients were divided into group A (with insomnia, N=78) and group B (without insomnia, N=221) according to their ISI score three days after surgery. The general clinical data of the two groups were analyzed first, and then binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the risk factors of insomnia.ResultsA total of 299 non-cardiac surgery patients with a mean age of 55 years were enrolled in the study. Of the included patients, the number of females was 165 and the number of the male was 134. The incidence of insomnia at 3 days postoperatively was 26.1% (78/299). The average points that group A patients scored in the ISI, PHQ-9, and the GAD-7 were significantly higher than those in group B. The VAS score three days after surgery was significantly higher in group A. The PHQ-9 and the GAD-7 three days after surgery showed significantly higher depression and anxiety scores in group A. Logistic regression showed that the ISI (p<0.001, 95% CI=1.218-1.500) and the GAD-7 (p=0.003, 95% CI=1.041-1.218) preoperatively, and the PHQ-9 postoperatively (p<0.001, 95% CI=1.226-1.555), were risk factors of insomnia.ConclusionInsomnia is common and can worsen after surgery. The present study suggests that depression and anxiety are risk factors for insomnia after surgery. There is a need for further research and the development of strategies for depression and anxiety management to ensure better sleep quality for patients, which will be of significant benefit to their health.Clinical trial registrationThe study was registered at clinical trial (NCT04027751); Trial registration: clinical trial, NCT04027751. Registered 22 July 2019; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04027751?cond=NCT04027751&cntry=CN&draw=2&rank=1.
| S-EPMC8008159 | biostudies-literature
Project description:Background and Aims:Cardiovascular diseases and cancer are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of preoperative administration of levosimendan in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) scheduled for major abdominal oncologic surgery. Methods:This study included 60 patients with abdominal malignancy, ejection fraction (EF) <35% and CHF scheduled for surgery under isoflurane-fentanyl anaesthesia and were managed in the surgical intensive care unit perioperatively. They were randomised to receive levosimendan infusion (n = 30) at a dose of 0.1 ?g/kg/min or placebo (n = 30) for 24 hours before surgery. Results:The risk of hypotension (RR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.19-0.83) or decompensated heart failure (RR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.12-0.76) was significantly lower in the levosimendan group. The ejection fraction, cardiac index and stroke volume index were significantly higher in the levosimendan group after surgery (P < 0.001). Duration of postoperative ventilation and hospital stay were significantly shorter in the levosimendan group (P < 0.001) while the frequency of dysrhythmia, deterioration of renal function and sepsis was comparable. Conclusion:In patients with low EF <35% and CHF, administration of levosimendan for 24 hours before major abdominal oncologic surgeries may reduce the risk of hypotension and decompensated heart failure and may improve cardiac function.
| S-EPMC6921323 | biostudies-literature
Project description:ImportanceInformation regarding the performance and outcomes of noncardiac surgery (NCS) in patients with left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) is scarce, with limited longitudinal follow-up data that are mostly limited to single-center reports.ObjectiveTo examine the trends, patient characteristics, and outcomes associated with NCS among patients with LVAD.Design, setting, and participantsThis cohort study examined patients enrolled in Medicare undergoing durable LVAD implantation from January 2012 to November 2017 with follow-up through December 2017. The study included all Medicare Provider and Analysis Review Part A files for the years 2012 to 2017. Patients identified by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) and International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision (ICD-10) procedure codes for new LVAD implantation were included. Data analysis was performed from November 2019 to February 2020.ExposuresNCS procedures were identified using the ICD-9-CM and ICD-10 procedural codes and divided into elective and urgent or emergent.Main outcomes and measuresThe primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), defined as in-hospital or 30-day all-cause mortality, ischemic stroke, or intracerebral hemorrhage after NCS. Early (<60 days after NCS) and late (≥60 days after NCS) mortality after NCS were analyzed in both subgroups using time-varying covariate and landmark analysis using patients who did not undergo NCS as reference.ResultsOf the 8118 patients with LVAD (mean [SD] age, 63.4 [10.8] years; 6484 men [79.9%]), 1326 (16.3%, or approximately 1 in 6) underwent NCS, of which 1000 procedures (75.4%) were emergent or urgent and 326 (24.6%) were elective. There was no difference in age between patients who underwent NCS and patients who did not (mean [SD] age, 63.6 [10.6] vs 63.4 [10.9] years). The number of NCS procedures among patients with LVAD increased from 64 in 2012 to 304 in 2017. The median (interquartile range) time from LVAD implantation to NCS was 309 (133-606) days. The most frequent type of NCS was general (613 abdominal, pelvic, and gastrointestinal procedures [46.2%]). Perioperative MACEs occurred in 169 patients (16.9%) undergoing emergent or urgent NCS and 23 patients (7.1%) undergoing elective NCS. Urgent or emergent NCS was associated with higher mortality early (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 8.78; 95% CI, 7.20-10.72; P < .001) and late (aHR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.53-1.90; P < .001) after NCS compared with patients with LVAD who did not undergo NCS. Elective NCS was also associated with higher mortality early (aHR, 2.65; 95% CI, 1.74-4.03; P < .001) and late (aHR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.07-1.56; P = .008) after NCS.Conclusions and relevanceOne of 6 patients with LVAD underwent NCS. Perioperative MACEs were frequent. Higher mortality risk transcended the early postoperative period in urgent or emergent and elective surgical procedures.
| S-EPMC7662145 | biostudies-literature