Dataset Information

Assessment of Prevalence and Cost of Care Cascades After Routine Testing During the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit.

ABSTRACT:

Importance

For healthy adults, routine testing during annual check-ups is considered low value and may trigger cascades of medical services of unclear benefit. It is unknown how often routine tests are performed during Medicare annual wellness visits (AWVs) or whether they are associated with cascades of care.

Objective

To estimate the prevalence of routine electrocardiograms (ECGs), urinalyses, and thyrotropin tests and of cascades (further tests, procedures, visits, hospitalizations, and new diagnoses) that might follow among healthy adults receiving AWVs.

Design, setting, and participants

Observational cohort study using fee-for-service Medicare claims data from beneficiaries aged 66 years and older who were continuously enrolled in fee-for-service Medicare between January 1, 2013, and March 31, 2015; received an AWV in 2014; had no test-relevant prior conditions; did not receive 1 of the 3 tests in the 6 months before the AWV; and had no test-relevant symptoms or conditions in the AWV testing period. Data were analyzed from February 13, 2019, to June 8, 2020.

Exposure

Receipt of a given test within 1 week before or after the AWV.

Main outcomes and measures

Prevalence of routine tests during AWVs and cascade-attributable event rates and associated spending in the 90 days following the AWV test period. Patient, clinician, and area-level characteristics associated with receiving routine tests were also assessed.

Results

Among 75?275 AWV recipients (mean [SD] age, 72.6 [6.1] years; 48?107 [63.9%] women), 18.6% (14?017) received at least 1 low-value test including an ECG (7.2% [5421]), urinalysis (10.0% [7515]), or thyrotropin test (8.7%?[6534]). Patients were more likely to receive a low-value test if they were younger (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.69 for ages 66-74 years vs ages ?85 years [95% CI, 1.53-1.86]), White (aOR, 1.32 compared with Black [95% CI, 1.16-1.49]), lived in urban areas (aOR, 1.29 vs rural [95% CI, 1.15-1.46]), and lived in high-income areas (aOR, 1.26 for >400% of the federal poverty level vs <200% of the federal poverty level [95% CI, 1.16-1.37]). A total of 6.1 (95% CI, 4.8-7.5) cascade-attributable events per 100 beneficiaries occurred in the 90 days following routine ECGs and 5.4 (95% CI, 4.2-6.5) following urinalyses, with cascade-attributable cost per beneficiary of $9.62 (95% CI, $6.43-$12.80) and $7.46 (95% CI, $5.11-$9.81), respectively. No cascade-attributable events or costs were found to be associated with thyrotropin tests.

Conclusions and relevance

In this study, 19% of healthy Medicare beneficiaries received routine low-value ECGs, urinalyses, or thyrotropin tests during their AWVs, more often those who were younger, White, and lived in urban, high-income areas. ECGs and urinalyses were associated with cascades of modest but notable cost.

SUBMITTER: Ganguli I

PROVIDER: S-EPMC7733154 | biostudies-literature | 2020 Dec

REPOSITORIES: biostudies-literature

ACCESS DATA

Publications

Assessment of Prevalence and Cost of Care Cascades After Routine Testing During the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit.

Ganguli Ishani I Lupo Claire C Mainor Alexander J AJ Wang Qianfei Q Orav E John EJ Rosenthal Meredith B MB Sequist Thomas D TD Colla Carrie H CH

JAMA network open 20201201 12

<h4>Importance</h4>For healthy adults, routine testing during annual check-ups is considered low value and may trigger cascades of medical services of unclear benefit. It is unknown how often routine tests are performed during Medicare annual wellness visits (AWVs) or whether they are associated with cascades of care.<h4>Objective</h4>To estimate the prevalence of routine electrocardiograms (ECGs), urinalyses, and thyrotropin tests and of cascades (further tests, procedures, visits, hospitalizat ...[more]

PMID: 33306120

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Project description:BackgroundCognitive assessment is a required component of the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit (AWV). In this prospective study, we evaluated acceptability and usefulness of a patient-reported outcome measure (the PROMIS® Cognitive Function Screener, or PRO-CS) to screen for cognitive impairment during the AWV. We compared two versions of the PRO-CS: Abilities and Concerns.MethodsWe developed PRO-CS Abilities and PRO-CS Concerns using items from the PROMIS Cognitive Function item banks. We partnered with a large health system in Pennsylvania to implement an electronic health record (EHR)-integrated version of the 4-item PRO-CS into their AWV workflow. PRO-CS Abilities was implemented in June 2022 and then replaced with PRO-CS Concerns in October 2022. We used EHR data to evaluate scores on Abilities versus Concerns and their association with patient characteristics. We gathered feedback from providers on experiences with the PRO-CS and conducted cognitive interviews with patients to evaluate their preferences for Abilities versus Concerns.ResultsBetween June 2022 and January 2023, 3,088 patients completed PRO-CS Abilities and 2,614 patients completed PRO-CS Concerns. Mean T-scores for Abilities (54.8) were slightly higher (indicating better cognition) than for Concerns (52.6). 10% of scores on Abilities and 13% of scores on Concerns indicated concern for cognitive impairment (T-score < 45). Both Abilities and Concerns were associated with clinical characteristics as hypothesized, with lower scores for patients with cognitive impairment diagnoses and those requiring assistance with instrumental activities of daily living. Abilities and Concerns had similar negative correlations with depression (r= -0.31 versus r= -0.33) and anxiety (r= -0.28 for both), while Abilities had a slightly stronger positive correlation with self-rated health (r = 0.34 versus r = 0.28). In interviews, providers commented that the PRO-CS could be useful to facilitate conversations about cognition, though several providers noted potential limitations of patient self-report. Feedback from patients indicated a preference for PRO-CS Concerns.ConclusionsOur findings suggest potential utility of the PRO-CS for cognitive screening in the Medicare AWV. PRO-CS Abilities and Concerns had similar associations with patient clinical characteristics, but the Concerns version was more acceptable to patients.

Project description:ImportanceLow-value care is prevalent in the United States, yet little is known about the downstream health care use triggered by low-value services. Measurement of such care cascades is essential to understanding the full consequences of low-value care.ObjectiveTo describe cascades (tests, treatments, visits, hospitalizations, and new diagnoses) after a common low-value service, preoperative electrocardiogram (EKG) for patients undergoing cataract surgery.Design, setting, and participantsObservational cohort study using fee-for-service Medicare claims data from beneficiaries aged 66 years or older without known heart disease who were continuously enrolled between April 1, 2013, and September 30, 2015, and underwent cataract surgery between July 1, 2014 and June 30, 2015. Data were analyzed from March 12, 2018, to April 9, 2019.ExposuresReceipt of a preoperative EKG. The comparison group included patients who underwent cataract surgery but did not receive a preoperative EKG.Main outcomes and measuresCascade event rates and associated spending in the 90 days after preoperative EKG, or in a matched timeframe for the comparison group. Secondary outcomes were patient, physician, and area-level characteristics associated with experiencing a potential cascade.ResultsAmong 110 183 cataract surgery recipients, 12 408 (11.3%) received a preoperative EKG (65.6% of them were female); of those, 1978 (15.9%) had at least 1 potential cascade event. The comparison group included 97 775 participants (63.1% female). Those who received a preoperative EKG experienced between 5.11 (95% CI, 3.96-6.25) and 10.92 (95% CI, 9.76-12.08) additional events per 100 beneficiaries relative to the comparison group. This included between 2.18 (95% CI, 1.34-3.02) and 7.98 (95% CI, 7.12-8.84) tests, 0.33 (95% CI, 0.19-0.46) treatments, 1.40 (95% CI, 1.18-1.62) new patient cardiology visits, and 1.21 (95% CI, 0.62-1.79) new cardiac diagnoses. Spending for the additional services was up to $565 per Medicare beneficiary (95% CI, $342-$775), or an estimated $35 025 923 annually across all Medicare beneficiaries in addition to the $3 275 712 paid for the preoperative EKGs. Among preoperative EKG recipients, those who were older (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] for patients aged 75 to 84 years vs 66 to 74 years old, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.28-1.57), had more chronic conditions (aOR for each additional Elixhauser condition, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.14-1.22), lived in more cardiologist-dense areas (aOR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02-1.09), or had their preoperative EKG performed by a cardiac specialist rather than a primary care physician (aOR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.10-1.43) were more likely to experience a potential cascade.Conclusions and relevanceCare cascades after preoperative EKG for cataract surgery are infrequent but costly. Policy and practice interventions to reduce low-value services and the cascades that follow could yield substantial savings.

Project description:ImportanceMedicare is moving toward value-based payment. The Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) program judges outpatient clinicians' performance on a measure of annual Medicare spending. However, this measure may disadvantage outpatient clinicians who care for vulnerable populations because the algorithm omits meaningful determinants of cost.ObjectivesTo determine whether factors not included in Medicare risk adjustment, including patient neuropsychological and functional status, as well as local area health resources and economic conditions, are associated with Medicare total annual cost of care (TACC), and evaluate whether accounting for these factors is associated with improved TACC performance by outpatient safety-net clinicians.Design, setting, and participantsIn this retrospective observational study, we used the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) to examine patient-reported neuropsychological and functional status and the Area Health Resources File to obtain information on local area characteristics. Included were Medicare beneficiaries with annual physician or clinic visits to outpatient safety-net (federally qualified health centers and rural health clinics) and non-safety-net clinics, contributing 76 927 person-years of data to the MCBS from 2006 through 2013. We used patient-level multivariable regression models to estimate the association between each factor and annual Medicare spending, and compared outpatient safety-net performance under current risk adjustment and after adding additional adjustment for these factors.Main outcomes and measuresMedicare TACC, measured as the total annual reimbursed amount per patient for Medicare Part A and Part B services, in all categories.ResultsOur study included 111 414 unique identifiable physicians, and the final weighted sample included 213 904 324 patient-years (unweighted, 76 927 patient-years) from 30 058 unique patients, of whom 17 478 (58.1%) were women. The mean (SD) patient age was 71.84 (12.48) years. The mean TACC was $9117. Those with higher than mean TACC included beneficiaries with depression ($14 436), dementia ($18 311), and difficulty with 3 or more activities of daily living (ADLs, $19 113) or instrumental ADLs ($17 443). After adjusting for comorbidities, depression and dementia were still associated with $2740 (95% CI, $2200-$2739) and $2922 (95% CI, $2399-$3445) higher TACC, respectively. Difficulty with 3 or more ADLs ($3121 higher; 95% CI, $2633-$3609) or instrumental ADLs ($895 higher; 95% CI, $452-$1337) was also associated with higher TACC. Adding these neuropsychological and functional factors, as well as local residence area factors, to risk adjustment calculations reduced outpatient safety-net clinicians' underperformance on Medicare TACC relative to non-safety-net clinicians by 52% (from 0.098 to 0.047 difference in the observed to expected ratio).Conclusions and relevanceNeuropsychological and functional impairment are common in Medicare beneficiaries and are associated with increased annual Medicare spending. Failure to account for these factors may inappropriately penalize outpatient clinicians who care for these vulnerable groups, such as safety-net clinicians, for factors that are arguably beyond their control.

Dataset Information

Assessment of Prevalence and Cost of Care Cascades After Routine Testing During the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit.

Importance

Objective

Design, setting, and participants

Exposure

Main outcomes and measures

Results

Conclusions and relevance

Publications

Assessment of Prevalence and Cost of Care Cascades After Routine Testing During the Medicare Annual Wellness Visit.

Similar Datasets

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